Lifestyle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lifestyle - Essay ExampleThe Spanish way of life is to accomplishment hard and party harder which is living it up as we would call it. This reflects in the people of Spain who as studies have shown atomic number 18 a happy crowd, where the people argon content without having to extend their daily life to fit in more than is necessary. The weather can be one of the reasons for this laid back lifestyle that has experience a part of their culture. It becomes quite difficult to work in the sweltering heat which is why life usually starts after the sun goes down in summer.Everything about Spain would spell holiday for someone who is not used to the culture. The music, dance and food are vibrant and can keep you on a mettlesome for as long as you are on a holiday. It could be contagious and make people wish for more. The country itself has an endearing history and circumstance which entices people to leave their homes for this lifetime entertainment. Of course for a person who is from a hi-tech city and one who lives to work would be taken by amazement by the Spanish lifestyle.The amazing family ties which are quite enviable are one of the advantages of the Spanish culture. Children are brought up in a well enlace family and are usually the focal point of attention. This is what is lacking in the outside world today where the parents do not have the time to devote to their children. Whereas in Spain time spent with the family is considered of utmost importance and then comes work and pleasure. Invariable the lifestyle becomes healthier and contended.Spains culture and society helps you build stronger communal ties and clear social skills. You cannot help but become friendly in nature unless you want to be the sore thumb in the society where the people are open minded fun loving and friendly and chatting up with someone on the way is a casual occurrence. You have the chance to develop other talents that you

The Bernard Madoff’s Fraud Essay Example for Free

The Bernard Madoffs Fraud EssayMadoffs system to defraud his clients at Bernard Lawrence Madoff investment Securities began as early as 1980 and lasted until its exposure in 2008. Bernard carried divulge this scheme by philandering billions of dollars under false pretenses, failing to invest investors funds as promised, and misappropriating and converting investors funds to benefit Madoff, himself, and others without the knowledge or authority of the investors.To execute the scheme, Madoff solicited and caused others to solicit potential clients to open trading accounts with Bernard Lawrence Madoff Investment Securities (BLMIS) on the basis of a promise from him. He promised to use investor funds to purchase shares of common stock, options and other securities of large, long-familiar corporations, and representations that he would accomplish high rates of return for client, with limited risk. join states of, 2009) Among other things, Mandoff marketed to clients and prospect ive clients an investment strategy referred to as a split rush conversion strategy.Clients were promised that Bernard Lawrence Madoff Investment Securities (BLMIS) would invest their funds in a basket of approximately 35-50 common stocks within the Standard Poors 100 Index (the SP l00), a allurement of the 100 largest publicly traded companies in terms of their market capitalization. Mandoff claimed that he would select a basket of stocks that would closely mimic the price movements of the SP 100.Mandoff further claimed that he would opportunistically condemnation those purchases, and would be out of the market intermittently, investing clients funds in these periods in United States Government issued securities such as United States Treasury bills. Madoff also claimed that he would hedge the investments that he made in the basket of common stocks by employ investor funds to buy and sell option contracts related to those stocks, in that respectby restrain potential losses cau sed by unpredictable changes in stock prices. United states of, 2009) Madoffs Illegal Business Behaviors Exposure Federal prosecutors filed a total of xi charges against Bernard Madoff. The first of those charges was for securities fraud. The crime of securities fraud involves false claims of investment security holdings, and misinformation regarding stocks and brokerage advice. Sensational insider information is also considered a component of this criminal activity. Another major(ip) charge involved terzetto counts of money laundering, both domestically and through international accounts.Money laundering is the funneling of revenue acquired illegitimately into new monetary arrangements, with the liveliness of concealing this revenues original origins. Plus, in connection with both his securities and investment adviser line of descentes, prosecutors also charged Madoff with mail and wire fraud. These offenses involve initiating schemes using either the United States Postal Serv ice or telephone systems toward obtaining money and/or property in a false or unlawful means. (Tomaszewshi, 2010).Perpetrators winding in Bernard Madoffs Fraud Its certainly not uncommon for ones son or daughter to enter into an identical dividing line relationship as a successful family member such as a parent. However, in Bernie Madoffs case this approach was taken to extreme levels of nepotism. peckerwood Madoff entered his brothers potent in 1967, and as business prospered he began to accumulate several executive titles Senior Managing Director, Head of Trading, and even Chief conformism Officer for both the broker-dealer and more secretive investment advisor business models.Bernies sons Mark and Andrew joined the firm in the mid-to-late 1980s, and eventually were made co-directors of Madoff Securities global in London, England. Bernies nephew Charles joined up in 1978, and became the Director of Administration for the investment firm. And Peters daughter Shana was hired on in 1995, and served as in-house Legal Counsel and Rules Compliance attorney for the broker-dealer business. Other parties greatly impacted by Bernie Madoffs activities were his business associates and their many clients over the decades.For example, Frank Avellino and Michael Bienes themselves funneled over three cubic yard clients to Madoffs investment advisory business. Madoff had consistently advised the pair to re chief(prenominal) unregistered in their dealings. But when the SEC accused the duo of illegally selling securities, Madoff pretended ignorance of their activities, even though he had secretly instructed them all along. For their trouble, Avellino and Bienes were forced to pay a fine of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars and shut their business down.Other notable business partners eventually left in the lurch by Madoffs growing fraud would go on to include Jeffrey Tucker and Walter Noel of Fairfield Greenwich Group. Non-related people who had worked under Bern ie Madoff also became tainted from the association following his arrest. This employee group includes those who may have had indirect dealings through Madoff subsidiaries worry Cohmad Securities Corporation. However, the idea also applies to those employed directly, such as former executive assistants Elaine Solomon and Eleanor Squillari.Jeffry Picower was in industrialist and philanthropist who seemed to be a favored Madoff beneficiary, and made outlandish simoleons from his investments with Madoff. From 1996-2007 there were 14 instances of greater than 100% yearly returns and 25 of greater than 50%. From 1996-1999 his regular trading account made from 120-550% a year. Some march of backdating trades, instituted by Picower, has been presented by trustee Irving Picard. In December, 2010, his estate returned $7. 2 billion in profits to the government. Picower died before the settlement. Tomaszewshi, 2010)Motives of the Perpetrators The various perpetrators who were involved in Be rnard Madoffs ponzi scheme had different kinds of motives that were completely against the provisions evident in federal laws. Jeffry Picower had over twenty four different accounts with Investment Securities L of Jeffry Picower and his wife in Investment Securities LLC was to benefit from the cash windfall generated from devious deals according to reports his investment into Madoffs company was once worth over one billion dollars. Kirchner, 2010) Annette Bongiorno was a major(postnominal) employee at Bernard Madoffs illegal company and among her roles at the firm she was to brief investors concerning their returns which were all fictitious.Ezra Merkin was an investment expert who assisted Bernard Madoff to drain off extraordinary amounts of money from clients accounts and it later emerged that he had a conflict of interest in the Madoff company. With its headquarters in Connecticut, Fairfield Greenwich Company misled investors into buying stakes at Madoffs illegal firm and in retu rn, the company received huge amounts of cash from Bernard Madoff. NBC, 2009) Frank DiPascali was also another essential figure in Bernard Madoffs illegal investment scheme. mavin of the frauds committed by Frank is that he engaged in countless number of international money laundering activities to benefit Madoffs scheme. In entree to this, DiPascali also gave Mr. Madoff expert advice on how to go about his illegal businesses without being caught or detect by the federal authorities. (Arvedlund, 2010) (Bernard Madoff fraud, 2012) Controls That Could Have Deterred the Fraud from OccurringDespite the position that Bernard Madoffs investment fraud was one of the largest to ever rock the United States of America, there are various strategies thatLC and he operated them closely with Barbara who was also his wife. The motive powerfulness have prevented or deterred the fraud from occurring. To begin with, the United States Securities and metamorphose Commission (SEC) should have witho ut delay acted on the numerous signals that it received from different quarters. As the main regulatory authority of American investment activities, it would have been easy to identify weaknesses in Bernard Madoffs shady deals.A major loophole in the federal laws of the United States of America also had a significant input towards enabling Bernard Madoffs illegal activities to spread at a very rapid rate for instance, there is a provision that stipulates private companies in the United States should only pay 5% of their annual revenues. (NBC, 2009) (Bernard Madoff fraud, 2012) Implementations That Investors Should Have Used to Protect Themselves While some investors may yet believe they were tricked into believing Bernie Madoffs elaborate confidence game, it is also arguable that there were means to protect themselves at their disposal.One method would be to practice due diligence whenever one is presented with new financial opportunities. Many investors were led astray on the poor advice of their won friends and family, which isnt a fiscally sound means of verification. Independent research needs to be done on the workings of any financial organization, even those that are supposedly good on the surface. One should investigate third-party custodial relationships at investment firms, and review their auditing practices. (Tomaszewski, 2010) Another way to avoid fraud is to actively request documentation.Hand scripted notes from intermediaries are highly suspicious evidence that revenue is being transacted in a professional manner. Getting activity in writing must be joined to verifiable account numbers for auditing. Finally, a forceful amount of skepticism will often prevent one from falling into schemes which seem on the surface to be easy money generators. For instance, one should never believe the speculators on television. An unlicensed financial consultant is about as reliable an doer as allowing unreformed gambling addict free access to ones personal t reasury.Investors should not assume that overseers are really doing their jobs, as even they great power be in on the take. (Tomaszewski, 2010). The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Involvement Critics and popular journalists from prominent media houses in the United States of America have called into question the manner in which the Securities and Exchange Commission handled the fraud case involving Bernard Madoff. This is due to the fact that even the commission itself has acknowledged that it should have detected Madoffs illegal activities as soon as they began.The first major mandate or responsibility of the Securities and Exchange Commission is to interpret the laws pertaining to federal securities such as, the commission should have detected the fundamental flaws in Bernard Madoffs investment activities at an earlier stage. The second major responsibility of the Securities How Madoffs Fraud was Discovered and Identifiable Red Flags His business came to be under the doubts of various financial analysts as early as 1999. They believed that the returns claimed by the company were only theoretically impossible.But organizations such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) completely ignored the doubts and Madoff continued with his overtures for almost another 10 years. He finally got caught in December 2008. He was trapped after he confessed about his dishonesty to his very own sons. He confessed to his sons of his investment business being nothing but a big Ponzi scheme. His sons now reported his sky pilots fraud to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Though Bernie confessed to have had started his Ponzi scheme in the 1990s, investigators think otherwise.They believe the Ponzi scheme and defrauding of investors had begun in the 1980s itself. Now what actually happened was that in the very first week of December 2008, Bernie Madoff discussed his dilemma over having to pay his clients an amount of almost $7 billion as he didn t have that much funds. Now within the very next two days Bernie told his sons that he made a huge profit and had decided to pee away an early bonus, amounting up to $173 million. This confused the sons and they called for an explanation from their father.This is when their father confessed that his whole company worked through a giant Ponzi scheme. On December eleventh 2008, Bernie Madoff was taken into house arrest. Had the stock market not had been in a sharp decline in 2008, who knows how much longer the fraud could have continued. (Degrace, 2011) by and by writing that Madoff offers the biggest due diligence lesson for investors, some argued that the red flags are only obvious in hindsight and wouldnt have been so clear if one had to list the decision before Bernards admission of running a Ponzi scheme.

The Environment Should Be Protected Because and Only Because Human Livelihoods Depend Upon It Essay Example for Free

The Environment Should Be Protected Because and Only Because human being Livelihoods consider Upon It EssayThe milieu should be protected because and only(prenominal) because tender livelihoods depend upon it. The essay forget treat the different problems that exist, nowadays, between environment and human beings, their trouble to coexist, and besides aboutly the ethical issues that result from it. Introduction There is a sufficiency in the world for mans need but nor for mans greed- Mohandas K. Gandhi. This sentence is getting all its look oning since the previous decades.Nowadays, the question of environment, and its relation with human beings is one of the most central issues. Many things impact sights life, but protecting the environment and the planet should be important to everyone all around the world. The questioning of environment was an ignored issue through time, and human beings hadnt put this problem on top of his priorities. For many years, people make believe satisfied their needs, without showing any concerns or awareness about the grapple of our planet, the way we treat our environment is described by some, like murder.Thus, it is ingrained to ask ourselves if the environment should be protected because and only because human livelihoods depend upon it or the opposite, that us, humans, exist only because of our planet, and that we should do all our best to save the air we breathe, the ground we live on, the entire environment that surrounds us. First of all the study will begin by what the environment is through time, then it will show the obvious relationship between environment and human beings and its issues, and it will finish by the question of ethics about human and genius.The genius of the environment In recent years, the term environment has replaced the term nature, environment may be still by what is surrounding us, it can be separated into living components fauna and industrial plant, and non-living components . Environment set asides resources that ensured the well being of each species in the world, it is a trustworthy indorse for all the living organisms that exist on our planet.According to Raymond Williams, that is one of the most famous Britain writer and philosopher, the nature can be defined as the sensible world itself, taken as including or not including human beings, it means that nature includes everything that lives, and that human beings are fully part of nature. There are two ways of opinion, on one hand, the ecologists who tenseness on environment and living being relationship in general and on the other hand the ones who focus on human beings and its relation with the environment.Firstly, the traditional meaning of nature was that God created it for all the living organisms, but basically, through history, people used to think that humans had a central place in it, like a king on his realm. As times has passed, with the industrial revolution, environment has anothe r position in the society, and nowadays, human being is the one responsible for the environments change. According to Michel de Montaigne, French philosopher and writer of the 16th century Let us a small-minded permit Nature to take her own way she better understand her own affairs than we. Montaigne tried to explain that nature could be by itself, and that it had perpetually done. For decades, man gives itself the right to do everything, everywhere without any concerns for the planet. Before the creation of man, the environment was evolving by itself, and now, a unused reliance emerges, the well being of the environment almost depends on man. The issue is that human nature didnt respect what was offered to it. The relationship between environment and human beings Firstly, it is crucial to realise that humans have a unique position in nature because of the exceptional ability they have to adapt, to transform, to create.In the beginning, man could be compared to other animals nat ure was the one who set where living beings was. Humans lived with fishing, hunting, gathering vegetables nature was the only dominator. Through time, humans continuously evolved in their way of living, they succeeded in creating new materials they understood what the environment could provide them. The relationship between man and nature had gradually changed, through the evolution of the agriculture, man begins to control his environment, he modified his needs, and his frequency.However, the most important redefinition of the term nature was after the industrial revolution until today, man is now able to have a total control everywhere it. The evolving of new technologies, of new mores, and the rising of the existence created a new world. Since the 20th century, and the birth of the consumer society, the relation man-nature totally changed, man doesnt only need nature in order to survive, but he needs it to satisfy different inexistent needs. The issue of energy is almost the m ost important, as it was said previously, evolution and energy are two reliable term, concerning man.The most famous ones are fossil energies, for years, man has used these energies indefinitely, and this phenomenon has grown abruptly because of our society. A new reliance was created, man plundered every resource on Earth, and a new dependence was born, nowadays, nature almost needs man. Moreover, another fact has to be pointed out the massive decrease of certain species because of man, especially the pass up of fish, as it is shown in the documentary The end of the line by Rupert Murray, which highlights all the problems caused by humans in the maritime world.Even if man has to satisfy his natural needs, it is obvious to say that, in the 21th century, there is a big issue, because man acts without any concern about what the environment provides The questions of ethics about the relationship man-nature Human beings are part and parcel of nature, which is part and parcel of the uni verse. Nowadays, new issues comes up about environment, a lot of scientists agree that human beings succeed in creating an frightful disaster on the planet. Since few decades, man realised what happened, and the mores about environment preservation began to change, it is now a well-known fact.However, there are some real ethical questions that have emerged who is responsible of the environment degradation? Does it have to concern every man on Earth? Was it legitimate for human beings to use what nature can offer without any awareness of the damage? As it was previously said, it is necessary to understand that man is unique compared to other living species. In the mean time, nature created every living organism, included man, thus, these ones have to give it some respect it is the basis of the ethics.Unfortunately, the issue is the nature of men, they didnt respect the contract, and they even maltreat of the environments creed. Human beings basically exploit nature to gratify their self-loving instincts they are ignorant of what universe had provided them. The fact is that the development of our society takes over the good preservation of our planet, when man undertakes to create new technologies, he doesnt have any concern about the environment, because it is included in human nature.Moreover, it is troublesome to satisfy everyones needs, and thinking about the defense of the environment at the same time, but today, human beings are facing a really new type of dimension concerning environment. At first, man deeply depended on nature, and it is the opposite in this day and age, nature deeply depends on man. What is central to highlight, it is that all flora and fauna is degrading, man destroys living life, and today, we are on the ledge of nature bankruptcy.Human beings have to be more and more implicated in the protection of Earth it is crucial for them to save the living and non-living organisms for the reason that even if man doesnt protect the environm ent for himself, he has to do it for all the species that exists in the world, and that he threatens. Conclusion I dont understand why when we destroy something created by man we call it vandalism, but when we destroy something created by nature we call it progress Ed. Begley jr.This quote really points out the fact that it is unconsciously acknowledged in humans minds that using all the resources that nature has to offer is normal and moral. The way of thinking is starting to evolve these days, because people are realizing that its for their own sake that the environment should be preserved. This shows all the duality of the problem, people start caring only when their own interests are at stake, and not due to the fact that it is ethical and moral to try and protect the living things around us.Ecologist have now a very powerful plea, which is that letting things going the way they are will harm us, but this means that telling people that we should protect the environment just be cause it is a beautiful living thing that we should try to coexist with, wouldnt work. The consequence of people starting to care is good, but if they are doing it for the wrong reasons, selfish reasons, is that really the morality that we should adopt?

Aims of Education Essay Example for Free

Aims of fosterage EssayEducation has been conceived so variously in tender-hearted history, especi exclusivelyy in term of its sharpens. Chopra (2005) defines the term Aims as Long-term ambitions which may or may not be achieved, but which provide personal motivation and direction (p.16). Perhaps more than other aspects of hu hu earth race humankind, it is breeding which lends a direction to human efforts through a certain underlying philosophy a set of ideas virtually the nature of reality and about the meaning of life (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 130). However, aims of education depend on the philosophy that prevails at the time of determining the aims of education. Different philosophies hold different views about the aims of education current philosophies have created narrow patriots. Others have produced civilisationd individuals. Some others are responsible for bringing up spiritual men and women (Shahid, 2001, p. 110). In fact, a philosophy or an ideology serves as a back-b unitary in determining the objectives or end results of an education system.2. western doctrine and Aims of EducationIf we sift the history of education in the West right from the time of Greeks to the present contemporary era we would come across the following major schoolings of thought influencing the aims of Education2.1. IdealismIdealism is considered the oldest philosophy of westward culture, dating back to ancient Greece. Socrates (469-399 B.C.), one of the most honored philosophers and the earliest exponents of the idealistic school of thought looked upon the aim of education as not communicatory instructions but to enable the individual, by developing in him the power of thought to acquire knowledge by himself, i.e. by self-realization. For this purpose, he presented the Dialectic manner/Socratic Method which is likewise called Question/Discussion Method.2.2 realnessAristotle (384-322 B.C.), a student of Plato and great Greek philosopher, was the leading f igure of this school of thought. He believed in dualism the tendency to view reality as composed of two constituent elements form and of matter (Kneller, 1964, p. 37). Following are the main aims of educationin RealismEquipping students with knowledge and skill needed to understand and master their forcible environment. Enabling students to adjust themselves with adult approved behaviour. (Shahid, 2001, p. 141)2.3 ExistentialismSoren Kierkegaad (1813-1855) is considered the originator of Existentialism. Existentialists believe that the physical world has no inherent meaning a contribution from human experience. Existentialists believe that the main aim of education is to Develop authentic individuals who exercise freedom of election and take responsibility of their action (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139).2.4 MarxismThe leading proponent of this school of thought was Karl Marx, an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and neighborlyist revolutionary. H e was famous for his compendium of history in terms of class struggles. The aims of education, according to Marxists, are Shape people and institutions change material conditions of society, producing classless society (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139).2.5 BehaviorismB. F. Skinner, is called the father of Behaviorism. concord to this school of thought, the aim of education is to engineer environments that efficiently maximize learning (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139).2.6 CognitivismCognition means the process of view and knowing. The aim of education, in cognitivists view, is to develop thinking skills for lifelong self-directed learning (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139).2.7 NaturalismNaturalism is based on the assumption that nature is the unscathed of reality(Kneller 68). Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778 ) was the exponent figure of this school of thought. Rousseau stressed that what is natural is well behaved. gibe to Naturalists, following are the aims of education (1) Self-expression (2) Autonomous development individuality (3) Improvementof racial gains (4) Preparation for the struggle for existence. (Shahid 125)2.8 PragmatismAccording to the Pragmatists, truth is a tentative assertion derived from human experience (Kneller 82). The leading figure of the pragmatic educational philosophy was John Dewey (1859-1952), an American educationist. He believed that the aim of education is to Develop and apply practical knowledge and skills for life in a modernized democratic society (McNergney Herbert 139).2.9 PerennialismPerennialists believe that education, like human nature, is a constant. The leading proponents of this philosophy were Hutchins and Adler. Accorging to McNergney Herbert, the perennialists argue people are basalally the same, regardless of where they live and who they are, thus all people need the same basic education and that education should consist of a fundamental grounding in history, language, mathematics, science, literature , and humanities(147).2.10 EssentinlismEssentialism asserts that Essence is prior to Existence and that education involves the learning of the basic skills, arts, and sciences that have been recyclable in the past and are likely to remain useful in the future (Kneller 256). The exponent figure of this school was William C. Bagley. The aim of education, as the Essentialists hold, is the Acquisition of culture cultural literacy for personal benefit (McNergney Herbert 139).2.11 Social ReconstructionismA key word to learn when trying to understand postmodern education is constructivism. The leading figures of this educational forepart was George Counts. The reconstruction theory seeks to rebuild the society afresh. Its supporters believe that the role of education is to create a new social order that will fulfill the basic values of our culture and at the same time harmonize with the underlying social and economic forces of the modern world. According to them, the aim of education is to Solve social problems and create a better world (McNergney Herbert 139).3. Islam and Aims of EducationLike Western philosophies of education, Islam also holds a view on the aims of education. However, it presents an independent, unique and much broader frame head for the hills of reality, knowledge, existence and values to which the aims of education have got a logical connection. As a revealed religion, there is an objective quality of the goals of education in Islam.3.1 ism in IslamPhilosophy gets its grow from the ancient Greece. It emphasizes on the search of truth with the help of human reason. It is known as falsafa in Arabic. On the other hand, Islam is founded on the Word of Allah or the revealed knowledge. The way Islam came into contact with philosophy is explained by Fakhry (1997) in the following words The rapid expansion of Moslem Arab civilization in the 100 years afterwards the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW brought the faith into close contact with Gr eek, Persian, Egyptian, Syrian and Indian cultures and certain elements of those cultures incorporated (sometimes on adapted form) into Moslem thought. However, Muslim Philosophy takes its roots from the holy Quran.3.2Education in IslamThe term education, as finds its meaning in Western philosophy, does not correspond very closely to any one scoop term in Arabic. In fact, there are three words which are normally translated as education_ one emphasizing knowledge one growth to maturity and one the development of good enough manners. However, all these concepts aim at producing good Muslims with an understanding of the Islamic rules of behaviour and a strong knowledge of and commitment to the faith. Ashraf defines Islamic education as an education which trains the sensibilities of pupils in such a manner that in theirapproach to all kinds of knowledge they are governed by the deeply felt ethical values of Islam. They are trained and mentally so disciplined that they want to acquir e knowledge not merely to adjoin an intellectual curiosity or just for material worldly benefit but to grow up as rational, righteous beings and to bring about the spiritual, righteous and physical welfare of their families, their people and mankind. Their attitude derives from a deep faith in God and a wholehearted acceptance of a God-given moralcode. (Hussain Ashraf 1)3.3 Aims of Education Complete Submission to His WillIslam means complete submission to the Supreme Being of Allah (SWT) and His Shariah. The sole purpose of mans creation as described in the Holy Quran is to worship Allah (SWT) And I have not created the Jinn and the men but that they may worship Me. (al-Zariyaat 51 56)So, according to Islam, the purpose of the creation of humanity should also be the sole purpose, aim and objective of philosophy of Islamic education i.e. the complete, unconditional submission to the Supreme Will of Allah (SWT), the Almighty. As Rizavi puts it Thus in Islamic creed, the idea of omnipresence of God permeates life in its totality God is everywhere and hence prayers can be said anywhere A Muslim is supposed to be in communion with God throughout his life sitting on the prayer-rug, labouring in the field, defending his countrys borders, in short, while doing anything and everything. (113)3.4 Taqwa (piety) and Adl (justice) as the Cornerstones of Islamic TeachingsTaqwa occupies a pivotal position in the aims of Islamic teachings. The Holy Quran considers it a requisite for getting Divine Guidance (Hidaya) This is a perfect account book there is no doubt in it it is a guidance for the righteous (al-Baqara 2 2)Regarding the sacrifices offered by the Muslims at the time of Hajj or Id al-Adha, the Quran intelligibly says that the flesh of animals sacrificed does not reach Allah what reaches Him is the piety or taqwa operated behind these teachings(Rizavi 115). The Quran also gives us a clue to the achievement of taqwa or excellence of source Be just that is Next to piety (al-Maidah 5 8).In fact, With respect to man justice means basically a condition and situation whereby he is in his right and proper place (al-Attas 26). Thus, Islam aims at preparing such persons who are pious and just.3.5Justice implies knowledgeIslam has made it obligatory on all believers to acquire knowledge. In the very first verses of the Quran, the prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) was instructed to read Convey thou in the name of thy Lord Who created Created man from a clot of blood.(al- Alaq 96 1-5)The best Islamic education must encompass the two traditional categories of knowledge, and the hierarchical relationship between them revealed knowledge, attained through the religious sciences and acquired knowledge, attained through the rational, intellectual and philosophic sciences. In Islam, both types of knowledge, the revealed and the acquired, contribute to the strengthening of faith, the former through the careful study of the revealed word of Allah SWT and the latter through the systematic study of the world of man and the universe. The Quran appeals constantly to reason and experiment which is a blessing indispensable to arrive at proper judgement. It invites directs the humans to study the reality.3.6 Taqwa and FaithThe basic features of the Islamic validation as embodied in the Quran Sunnah are the creed or doctrine (Aqeedah) or faith (trust and public opinion founded on authority) _ as belief in Allah SWT, faith in the prophet SAW and the basic attitude that all human activity should follow in the complete submission to Allah SWT. Islamic education has to inculcate these beliefs and attitudes in Muslim jejuneness. The more comprehensive equivalent of faith in the Arabic language is Iman derived from the root-word Amn which means freedom from fear, security, peace, satisfaction, trust, affirmation, acceptance of justness and submission or resignation to truth. Accordingto the Holy Quran a Believer i.e. a Momin must have faith in (1) Allah, (2) The Hereafter, (3) The Unseen Clestial powers called Malaika (roughly translated as Angels), (4) The Book and (5) The holy prophets. (Haq 242)3.7 IjtehadSide by side with the inculcation and strengthening of these basic values, Islamic education must create in the minds of Muslim youth an adaptability and a mechanism for adjustment to worldly matters. The Arabs were the first people to demonstrate such an adaptability during the prime of Islamic intellectual preeminence. They acquired Greek learning, subjected it to investigation, experimentation and expansion in such diverse fields as algebra, geometry, astronomy, navigation, chemistry medicine and evolved the scientific principles of empiricism. This attitude extended into Europe in the fifteenth the sixteenth centuries as part of the Renaissance. The Islamic education system must now adopt the same scientific empiricism in worldly matters which the Muslims themselves invented but have f orgotten during the past five centuries. The value of adaptability, experimentation and tolerance (as opposed to dogma) must be embodied in the new system. This will, in all probability, require the institution of ijtehad or interpretation of the Islamic law. An Islamic educational system is an integrating force and it prepares men for ijtehad where it is due. In the words of Iqbal The teachings of the Quran that life is a process of progressive creation necessitates that each generation, guided but unhampered by the work of its predecessors, should be permitted to solve its own problems. (1989)3.8 Action as Complementary to FaithIn Islam good actions are a requisite to faith. The Holy Quran says By the fleeting Time, Surely, man is in a state of loss, Except those who believe and do good works (al-Asr 103 1-3)3.9 Enjoining Right and Forbidding WrongAccording to Haq, It Islam is not only a religion of the Muslims, in the usual sense of the word it is their whole life. It en compasses all aspects of human life social, cultural, economic, educational, spiritual, material, political, in fact, all. A cult of universal brotherhood must, of necessity, be highly organized. (244) What Islam aims to produce are sentient and committed individuals who work for the promotion of all that is good and the renunciation of all that is bad for the ultimate success of all human-beings. The Holy Quran says You are the best people raised for the good of mankind you enjoin what is good and forbid evil and believe in Allah (Al-i-Imran 3110)3.10 Sincerity of Motive (niyyah)According to Rizavi, Islam gives due consideration to human weaknesses, and, therefore, accepts from a person whatever he may achieve, with the sincerity of motive (117) and that Motive (niyyah) is a serious factor in the acquisition of education. In fact, Islam judges all conduct according to its motives (116). 4. ConclusionThe aims of education stem from the kind of philosophy directing them. W estern philosophy, in general, is this world-oriented, and divorced from revelation, its aims of education have been changing and variable from one approach to another it ignores the true self of man (both physical and spiritual) its chief sources of knowledge are senses, reason and intuition which are deceivable and temporary it neglects the last purpose of man therefore, it fails to provide one single approach and thus leaves man into chaos and confusion. On the other hand, Islam, having a divine base, aiming to bring man closer to God and seek His pleasure as his ultimate aim, is characterized by clarity, realism, sublimity and singleness of direction thus, offering a solution to all of mans problems and giving him a right direction in this world.ReferencesThe Holy Quran.al-Attas. ed. Aims and Objectives of Islamic Education. Jeddah Hodder and Stoughton, 1979.Azam, Ikram. A Futuristic Paradigm of Education. Islamabad ABC Enterprises, 2003.Chopra, Rakesh, ed. Academic Dictionary of Education. Delhi Isha Books, 2005.Fakhry. Islamic philosophy, theology and mysticism. Oxford Oneworld, 1997. Haq, Mazhar A. Educational Philosophy of the Holy Quran. Lahore Institute of Islamic Culture, 1990.Hussain, S.S. Ashraf, S. A. Crisis in Muslim education. London Hodder Stoughton, 1979.Iqbal, A.M. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore Iqbal Academy, 1989.Kneller, George F. Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Los Angeles University Of California, 1964.McNergney Robert F. Joanne M.. Herbert. Foundations of Education.London Allyn Bacon, 1998.Rizavi, Sayyid S. Islamic Philosophy of Education. Lahore Institute ofIslamic Culture, 1986.Shahid, S.M. ed. Philosophy of Education. Lahore Majeed Book Depot, 2001.

The Social Shaping Of Technology Sociology Essay

The Social formation Of Technology Sociology EssayThe import of social and expert interaction has been a subject of controversies over the y spike heel with ii sides having different view of it. Technological determinists believe that engineering science determines the trend in social compounds and history (Chandler, 2000). But the view of Social constructivists is different in the perceive that they believe the social norms dictate technology both in design and usage (Trevor, 2010). This news makeup publisher will try to look into each believe utilize a personal experience with time technology in resemblance to substance abuser role. Section 2.0 will shed light into believes of technological determinist exploitation media Technology Determinism and Techno-evolution while section 3.0 will dwell on the Social shaping of technology using the Actor Net pull in Theory (ANT) and Social look of technology theory (SCOT). Also, section 4.0 will explain what methodology that was us ed in accessing both theories while section 5.0 will visual aspect the findings in relation to both theories. The last section, section 6.0 will draw conclusion on what this paper believed in respect of the two theories.2.0 Technological DeterminismThe term Technological determinism was firstborn used by an Ameri chiffonier called Thorstein Veblen in 1920s who believed that technology determines social change (Chandler, 2000). Technological determinism tends to believe that nine is shaped by it almost prevailing technological innovation. Theories associated to Technological determinisms are Media technological determinism, Technological primacy, Technological imperative, Universalism and Techno-evolutionism (Chandler, 2000). This topic is found in two forms which are soft and hard determinism. The soft claims that technology determines social change but not absolute while the hard determinism claims that the force of technology is so big that it is autonomous (Joseph, 2004). Both images are establish on cause which is technology and effect which is impact of it on the social norm.Also, this view tends to explain technology in linear developmental stages without taking into friendship other adjoining factors. Technological determinist views social change as a dependant of technology. For example many determinists believe that communication technology determines the snap in which the society behaviour moves towards. Marshall McLuhan (1976) believed media deprive people of their private identity. He further describes this when he was criticizing that the media has negatively affected the life of people worldwide. He gave an example of a research conducted in Germany and UK where some people were paid not to watch television for some time. He said the result the deputation discovered was reduction in drug addicted people.Techno-evolutionism believes most world history is named after technological innovation. Examples of this are Machine age, age of auto mation, atomic age, industrial revolution, space age, communication age and so on (Chandler, 2000). This idea tends to focus on technological progress from generation to generation by the western world. masse shot Bloomfield (1995) in his book Automated Society predicted that in the near future everybody will suck in what they want without physical effort. This he said would have unspoilt impact on mans social system. Also Jeremy Rifkin (1995) in his book End of Work reiterated that men will be substituted by machine. All this ideas are based on world over reliance in getting everything d nonpareil with technology without thinking of the consequence it will have on them.3.0 Social Shaping of TechnologyThe social constructivists believe that it is the society that shape technology. This theory based its own idea on different concept like the Empirical plan of Relativism (EPOR), Actor Network Theory (ANT), Social Construction of technology (SCOT), Gender Studies (Consumption Junct ion) and many others. Also Social Constructivists believe users of technology determine the design and usability of it (Trevor, 2010). This paper will explain what is meant by two of the aforementi iodind concepts which are ANT and SCOT with examples.ANT is a concept derived by Latour and Calon and it sees technology as a soma of battle amidst the users and the Script embedded in technology (Trevor, 2010). The theory deals with technology inform of network of actors on it (Trevor, 2010). He further describes it as a kind of program that is done on the assumption of user behaviour but users overcome this by anti-program (Trevor, 2010). An example of this is sit belt where the programm is if it is not cadaverous then beep but user group not convenient with it i.e. Pregnant woman will fight this back by selling a dummy to the program (Anti-program) thereby plugging the sit belt in its socket to stop the beep (Trevor, 2010). This way the user is controlling the technology.SCOT on the other part is an lift developed by both Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bijker. It based its procession to research on Relevant Social Group, Interpretative Flexibility, Closure, influence of wider culture, Technological frame work and users as agents of technological change (Trevor, 2010). Bijeker (1997) argues using the evolution of Velocifere to Safety bicycle based on different user activity, that social group can change technology. Also Trevor (2010) argues that technology can be used for another purpose that is different from its original function. He gave an example of a car lifted up to power a washing machine. In another research work on Moog Synthesizer Trevor (2010) was able to proof that even invention is collaboration between inventor and the anticipated user. Social constructivist ideas points to Users as determinant of technology4.0 MethodologyThe methodology used is based on Relevant Social Group approach by checking on users of time machine. The users include both male an d female students in my class and watching of passerby students to see how they check time or whether they even have articulatio radiocarpea watch at all. I likewise affect some questions from female students like what says your time to notice how it is been checked.Also the technological effect on landscape is similarly considered using the site sightseeing observation along Clyde River and industrial evolution society using the visit to innovative Lanark.The justification behind using the above approach is that it allows the researcher to use and relation with the current technology and society to bring out comparative depth psychology on the issue. Also the opinion will be neutral since deduction is from a different user without inclination into any of the theory of technology and society relationship.5.0 Findings and implicationsIn getting the real life picture of the two argument, this section will try to analyze its finding using the analysis gotten from the sight seen al ong Clyde bank, visit to New Lanark and engagement with the time technology. History will play a major tool of analysis in illustrating the aforementioned.5.01 River ClydeWorking along the Clyde River one will see a vivid notification of a once booming economic area of Scotland with traces of ship oil still floating on the river. The area has now been converted to recreational center due to the effect of world war two. In social club to get the feel of this change this paper will start with a brief history of the River Clyde.Years ago river Clyde is an haven for port activities with ship engineers locating their presence due to ship activities expiry on in the area. Technology play role in transforming the port to a trade hub. This was done by development of technology on steam engine and dredging of river clyde to open avenue for large ship. The dredging allowed large vessel to sail into Broomielaw instead of stopping at port outside the city (Clyde water summit heritage). Howe ver, this activity was affected after the Second World War due to intense bombing of the Clyde side. Based on the shift towards tourism the Clyde river area has been turn to a relaxation area with side attractions like the Titan crane, BBC Scotland, Digital media quarter and so onAll this shows how technology can transform the landscape of a place which in turn changes the social way of doing things. Conversely, the changes are based on process in terms of the need by people. For example the idea behind the change is due to the need for improvement on sugar and tobacco trading by the people while technology also by dredging and construction of bridge change the landscape and ways of doing things.5.0.2 Visit to New LanarkThe New Lanark visit shows how the industrial revolution age (Technological Determinist way of line drawing era) changes the non active environment to a busy one. This transforms the landscape and increase social presence in the area.History of New Lanark started w ith David Dale and his partner (Inventor), Richard Arkwright coming to the area. Both hold in inventing in the area due to the availability of water fall to provide power for the proposed cotton fiber mill. The idea is based on the feasibility of cotton production during the industrial revolution. Population of increased to 2,500 by the time the cotton industry started in 1786 (New Lanark Trust). Also the way the people uses power changed with the advent of transistor radio and pressing iron with villagers tapping power (ANT idea of Anti-programming). Although the power was supplied free to villager but it was later changed when the villagers were connected to the National grid due to increase in usage (Undiscovered Scotland). The clock tells the time to wake up and get prepared for work and also when the power is to be switched off and on. The whole story changed when the activities at the mill reduced and market declined. The population of villagers also decline with people mov ing out of New Lanark. New Lanark has now been rebuilt as a phaeton center with influx of more than 50,000 tourists visiting the village per annum.The above history also shows the relationship between technology and society. Some of the workshop visit genuinely shows how technology controls workers. An example of this is the spinning machine which moves up and down at the alike workers move to work in resonance with the machine. The noise of the machine is also there, although workers may not like it but due to the power of their employer and their own aim of earning their sustenance they have no option. The emigration of people from New Lanark also shows how technology can change society.5.0.3 Engagement with time technologyEngagement with time technology through history of time measurement, and the struggle of getting stainless time in military personnel endeavour shed more light into relationship between technology and society. Time measurement is one of fundamental to human e xistence. Barbara (2006) argues that our relation with time makes us human. This shows how important measuring of accurate time is important to human existence. This section will try to relate events with time and show how various usage has integrate technology as part of our ecosystem.The history of time dated back to our existence with needs for time as receptive night and day. Need to know time of birth and death also highlights an important phase in the history of time. Thompson (1967, p.58) stated that Cross River natives were reported as saying the man died in less than the time in which maize is not yet completely roasted (Cross River is a state in Nigeria) . It is say in history of time that most nations in one way or the other use different means of measuring time. Most especially, they seems to melt off more on use of celestial bodies like the sun, moon and different planet to measure months, season and years.Because of the variation in night and day, necessity to fork the day into hours emerged. This was solved by a mathematician Hipparchus using his shadow to do theoretical math, he proposed 24 hours (Anon, 2011). At the same time the Greek has invented the mechanistic water clock to measure time. This was the era of mechanical transformation from Natural mode of measurement. Suddenly knowing the hour of the day prompted research by the Greeks into transactions by measuring the angle the sun in different city at the same hour and comparing data (Anon, 2011). This enables them to reason not unless shape of the earth but the size of it as well (Anon, 2011).After solving the hour, finding time in different part of the world brings somewhat the next problem of solving the mystery behind time. The scientists then were able to mark the latitude but longitude was a different ball game. In order to be able to measure accurate longitude you need to know the precise amount of time you wonder east or west and getting it was knotty (Anon, 2011). Probl ems that initiated research into longitude is the frequent lost of direction by ship on sea which most lead to it been perished (Anon, 2011). This prompted the British parliament in 1700 to offer cash reward to whoever can solve the problem (Anon, 2011). The problem was solved in 1730 by an English man named John Harrison who made the world first wine-coloured up clock power by spring (Anon, 2011).The emergence of information age led to crave for most accurate time. Other instances that led to supplicate for better time includes the temperature problem of the old watch, time dilation effect, need for greasing of the mechanical watches, measurement of data throughput, time measurement in space etc. the first that emerged was quartz which has the ability to measure time accurately at 1 second error in 270 years (Anon, 2011). The second entrant was nuclear clock which so far is the most accurate in term of measuring time. The fuel-like component in the Atomic clock can either be Cesi um or Hydrogen maser (Vickie, 2012). An example of atomic watch usage is the General Position System (GPS) where concurrently three different satellites communicate with one another using their time to synchronize one another. The time must be very accurate to transform the position of an object using it. at a time it is very hard to see user like in the olden days using landmark to locate addresses, they rather use Google map or its equivalent to find their way around cities.Also my diary on usage of time machine shows that we use each machine in reaction to network effect of a dominant technology. The network effect theory talks about advantages user of technology gain from many network users of the same technology (Michael and Carl, 1985). Most people use wrist watch for show of status recently, while others like ladies uses it as ornament. For example, in my class we have half-dozen girls only two wears wrist watch consistently and when I ask for time from them they checked th eir phone not the wrist watch. I also ask the remaining girls they said why bordered when they are with their phone almost everywhere. The eight men in my class dont wear wrist watch for the same reason but they accepted to wear it when going for party. Further engagement with this led me to watch most of the student passing by to see whether they wear wrist watch but discovered that most men are not wearing it but some ladies wear it. I also notice that most of the student are always looking down with their hand on their smart phones smiling intermittently and looking up slightly so as not to bump on other road users. Furthermore, some students have their hand in their side pocket with ear phone in their ear but this time they look up. This shows the extent to what extent technology can change the way we socialize. My view on this is that most people use their phone to check their time since they prefer to have every need in one place. They can use the phone to call, cope with cal l, play mp3, chart, set alarm, check time, find their way etc. The usage depends on the user group view on what they want from the technology regardless of the original function or design.5.0.4 ImplicationsThe implication of allowing technology to do what is meant for human instead of enhancing how human do things will have negative impaction on the society. This was explained by Butler (1872) when he stated that Reflect upon the extraordinary advance which machines have made during the last few hundred years, and note how slowly the animal(prenominal) and vegetable kingdoms are advancing. This means that technology development while helping the manufacturers of it to generate more revenue reduces human professionalism and at the same time have effect on the environment in terms of environmental pollution. One wonders what will happen if technological machine like time stopped workings without having any alternatives like natural way of calculating time. Virtually everything stop s when time stops. So this kind of important necessity should not be go away in the hand of technology. In manufacturing technology there is need for consideration to be taken into its effect on the society and how such change can be managed.Also, some technologies destroy the ones they met in market thereby making other users to be out of the system. Schumpeter explained this as destructive innovation (Tim, 2010, p.). Apart from user loosing the out-of-market technology, user might also have challenge in knowing how to use the new technology.6.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, drawing from the above sections, it can be deduced that flows go both ways with technology having impact on social change and society have impact on technology irrespective of the idea behind Technological determinism and Social Constructivism. Both depend on each other but measure should be taken in reducing the redundancy of technological innovation to conform to the social safety of the society. Managers of tec hnology in organization need to take technology as a supplement to human effort not has a supplement to the human itself. Also involvement of the frontline staff in technological implementation is paramount to management of change.

Consulting Organizations Like Mckinsey Management Essay

Consulting Organizations Like Mckinsey Management EssayConsulting com locatings like McKinsey Company, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, Boston Consulting Group, not only be leaders in their respective fields of operation but epitomize orbicular reach with their branch offices spread all or so the world (Carvalho and Cabral-Cardoso, 2008). Such big consulting brass sections though argon aboutly based in the USA, heretofore they be present in almost all the stinting regions. They are considered the harbingers of new managerial and organizational concepts that enjoy world(a) validity. In view of the unprecedented increase in the number of organizations having potential to internationalistize, internationality of care consulting has by itself become a means of competence and eminence (Richter et al., 2008). As such(prenominal), the general trend in future could be that orbicular companies whitethorn increasingly require the service of global consulting houses. Therefore, ex tending reach of the consulting organizations to international clients could become imperative and present new opportunities of growing globally (Landriscina, 2012).In the UK, only a few consulting organizations endure that enjoy immense international clout. This is evident from their foreign operations, including those that render foreign consultancy but do not have any branches abroad. In the UK, most of the consulting companies provide services to splendid and medium organizations. Their prospects in the international arena, the impediments they face, and the steps that sess enable them achieve success and grow internationally, are dealt herein (Graubner and Richter, 2003).Donnelly and Dowling, (2010) utter that the substance of earlier case studies brings out that foreign operations just depended on chance and the availability of profitable opportunities, and were not because of systematic strategies of operating globally. As such, overseas assignments were considered tempo rary and the regions were changed as the opportunities arose because of globalization of clients business operations. However, in certain cases, promotional efforts also contribute to the development of consultancy overseas. Generally, proper planning and diligently create a foreign market is seldom resorted to (Budhwar et al., 2009). Hurdles in the way of developing external markets by establishing subsidiaries are legion(predicate), and one can anticipate considerable risks when launching operations in new markets, stopicularly in BRIC countries, that is, Brazil, Russia, India, and China that have over time acquired much significance. If it is aimed to serve topical anesthetic customers also likewise the western subsidiaries, it is essential to comply with the topical anaesthetic conditions and employ low-wage local mental faculty. It is only then that an organization catering in consultancy services can function successfully. In case of small and medium consultancy organiz ations, it is these factors that cause difficulties.ALTOMI ASSOCIATES AND ITS INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGYThe present case study pertains to Altomi Associates, a UK based organization engaged in providing leaders and centering training to client companies located in UK but some of them operating internationally also. As such, Altomi also organizes training programs abroad. Its training programs relate to terce sectors, such as manufacturing, retail, and public sector. In the arising, the training services were catered from the domestic setup, but later the company established bases elsewhere also, housing a small team of administrative staff to meet the requirements of clients at those places.As per Balbinot et al. (2010), it is imperative to evolve an internationalization system for a company planning to enter international business since it is an important determinant of success. The significance of meticulously evolved dodging of internationalization depends on diligently conducted market research and appreciation of the true meaning of such a system. Altomi Associates plan to spread their business to other countries, particularly in BRIC countries where they anticipate considerable growth opportunities.Altomi Associates intend to forge relationships with existing independent local operators in Brazil, Russia, India, and China as franchisees who would cater their training programs to clients there. In the medium term, they propose to put up offices in those areas either as new start-ups or by taking over local training companies or by forming joint ventures. The ultimate aim is to render training services to MNCs across their global facilities.INTERNATIONAL HRMAccording to Armstrong (2012), many big MNCs are in a position to ably manage their international operations, such as marketing, technology, and finances. However, there are others who have not been able to manage their HR effectively. IHRM is of the essence(p) for MNCs for exercising control and addressing cross-cultural issues, internal as well as external. MNCs face many more problems as compared to domestic organizations on account of geographic distances, cultural disparities, international competition, issues tie in to language, and political parameters (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). Stolt (2010) observes that IHRM and HRM do not differ much as their aim is to achieve the same objective of gaining competitive edge for their organizations and in this respect have to confront similar internal and external environmental factors. It is so necessary for HR managers in MNCs to fully understand the obtaining political environments and legalities concerning labor in host countries.An international HR manager needs to understand the implications of cushy and hard HRM as related to domestic business and concerning foreign subsidiaries (Mathur and Gupta, 2011). In case an organization assigns great significance to its employees and places much value to their participation , then the organization is considered to be practicing indulgent HRM. If the HR manager has adequate reasonableness of the differences between the two types of HR, then he will be in a position to adopt the right HR policy with respect to each country (Dickmann, 2008). The hard approach, on the other hand, corroborates with strategic HRM, is concerned with reducing costs and is part of the top managements function (Budhwar et al., 2009). Dickmann (2008) describes soft HRM as based on resource perspective of the employees and pertains to egalitarian culture, organic organizational structure, broad particularization of jobs, pay packages as per abilities, sharing of profits, and the existence of a system of direct communication with employees. Hard HRM, on the other hand, relates to such HR policies that follow the prescribed business strategy, practices diverse approaches as per the categories of workers and according to stringent organizational procedures (Gluesing and Gibson, 20 06). Academics, however, have been concentrating on the soft approach for some time.Each country professes characteristics that are specific to it and which have a direct impact on HR practices (Sparrow and Wu, 1997). A UK company establishing a subsidiary in Japan will find it hard to practice soft HRM in that country, as Japanese workers are accustomed to work under hard HRM practices (Barney and Wright, 1997).CONSULTANCY INTERNATIONALIZATION THEORIESThe important theories are discussed belowStatic opening This theory comprises such concepts as theory of growth, internationalization theory, and elite system. According to Sparrow (2009), there is no empirical evidence whether these theories are applicable to SMEs since these have been evolved in the context of MNCs.Stage theory This theory prescribes implementation of the process of internationalization by stages (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). Several object lessons are available concerning this theory, such as the Uppasla model , network model, and the model related to innovation. The Uppasla model advocates gradual implementation of internationalization over a time with emphasis on step by step learning and understanding of foreign markets (Griffin et al., 2010). According to Collings (2012), the network approach pertains to the impact of the organizations level of internationalization and the extent of internationalization of the target markets. The innovation related model, as per Dowling et al. (2008), states that innovations in management systems determine the successive stage in the internationalization process.International new venture theory According to Sparrow (2009), this theory deals with organizations that have internationalized from the very beginning or immediately after the start.The consultancy sector differs from other sectors in that it submits to easy pliability and speedy developments as per the demands of the market wherein both small and big organizations exist (FEACO, 2004). The dem and for consultancy services has been developing quite fast resulting in their operations reaching across borders. Organizations rendering consultancy services go international due to some(prenominal) reasons. According to Brett and Kern (2006), the main reasons are location of clients, exploring new markets, or the market being a developing one.There are several approaches that can be deployed temporary hookup internationalizing, such as export, foreign direct investment (FDI), or entering into cross-border collaboration. As per Graubner and Richter (2003), though export is an important component of internationalization, yet organizations are increasingly adopting the route of FDI. Cross-border collaboration is a preferable mode in case of SMEs since they are not in a position to kick in the needed resources and are vulnerable to many risk factors (Carvalho and Cabral-Cardoso, 2008).According to Stolt (2010), SMEs not only lack enough resources, but also capital, and managerial expertise. As such, they mainly face many hurdles while internationalizing their operations. Such impediments are of three types liability of foreignness, liability of newness, and the liability of smallness. Therefore, it would be necessary for them to take these liabilities into consideration while internationalizing. As per Graubner and Richter (2003), SME consultancies can also confront the problem of establishing new networks.ISSUES EXPERIENCED IN TRANSFERRING HR POLICIES AND PRACTICES ACROSS BORDERSSchuler and Jackson (2009) consider that organizations operating internationally are often urged to implement HR policies and practices uniformly in all of their global operations. Such a situation arises because of the company having been following HR practices since long in accord with the domestic parameters. It is thus necessary to take into account the domestic as well as foreign country factors while evolving IHRM strategy. There are countries whose laws are oriented to prote ct employees interests, while many other countries favor employer interests (Griffin et al., 2010). Muller-Camen and Brewster (2008) mention hurdles like lack of experience and understanding, cultural disparity, and inadequate resources that companies principally confront in international markets. As such, it is desirable to implement HR strategies that accord with the legal and political parameters of the host country.IHRM while specifying job profiles and task parameters to be implemented by the foreign subsidiaries, should consider the availability of suitable workers for the specific jobs (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). Domestic employees having compatible skills and experience can be deployed but it gives rise to issues related to compensation and reward systems (Stolt, 2010). According to Griffin et al. (2010), people recruited from the host country would be ignorant of the parent companys vision, mission, and objectives.FACTORS RELEVANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL A SSIGNMENT insuranceComplexity of Operations The complexity comes into play when operations are spread over many countries and employees belong to different nationalities. These two variables play a crucial role in differentiating IHRM and domestic HRM (Schuler and Jackson, 2009).Cultural Environment According to Pham and Hongyu, (2012), cultural ignorance can generate adverse feelings about the host country and its people and a desire to return home early. Cultural disparities can be interesting only for some time but in the long run may look shocking to the expatriate. People belonging to diverse cultures harbor varying aptitudes, differing dispositions, and dissimilar beliefs (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). honorariuming scant attention to these aspects often results in an organizations failure. Richter et al. (2008) advise that an organizations enlisting and related policies should accord with the host countrys culture and HR practices. Working in new cultural environs can creat e difficulties both for the local workers and the expatriates.Standardizing Pay and Conditions According to Sparrow (2009), emoluments and working conditions differ from country to country and are influenced by the local market environments. Therefore, MNCs need to ascertain the intrinsic and extrinsic factors obtaining in the host country (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). A significant task before the IHRM is to evolve viable compensation and reward systems for implementation globally. While evolving an international framework of recompense and reward, an organization should take into account two basic concerns, the first being that of comparability (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). According to these authors, remunerations given to workers should not only be internally comparable with(predicate) but also should conform to market environments. The parameters that influence the fixation of remunerations and salaries comprise the accessibility to expatriates and local skilled workforce , the existing wage structure, and the host countrys regulations. Harzing and Pinnington (2011) opine that an organization should apply different parameters for evolving pay system for each country. Altomi Associates need to develop viable reward systems for their local workforce engaged in rendering services internationally and addressing the issues of standardizing pay and conditions.HR STRATEGY FOR ALTOMI ASSOCIATESAn organization or its HR setup has more than one action for aligning HR strategy with the local parameters and integrating it globally. There are four main alternatives that can be thought of along with their respective costs. These areLocal AdaptationInternational strategy This strategy is appropriate in cases when foreign business is not much and involves modify of knowledge from central headquarters at insignificant costs.Multinational strategy In this case the affiliates enjoy autonomy and their systems are oriented towards local conditions. Benefits of cross-bor der standardization and learning are meager and coordination expense is the lowest.world(a) IntegrationGlobal strategy This strategy yields benefits on account of standardization of policies and practices, but is highly centralized, lacks responsiveness, faces hurdles due to fragmentation of markets, cultural disparities, policy implications, and entails high costs.Transnational strategy It accrues benefits resulting from globalization, local adaptation, and simultaneous cross-border learning. However, the expense involved is the highest.In such a scenario, every organization will have to determine its own approach for global integration depending upon the prevailing environments (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). The approach could vary in case of executive personnel and skilled workers. In todays circumstances, the preferable course of action could be to serve with local self-determination and domestic country preference (Stolt, 2010). The UK organizations that have achieved success generally followed globally integrate HR policies. Incorporating refinement and effectiveness in the global reward systems, transferring personnel every now and then from one country to another, and instituting training programs with global dimensions, enable transferring crucial expertise, result in achieving speedy transfer of skills, outcomes of innovation, systems of quality control, and cost-effective methods of manufacture (Donnelly and Dowling, 2010). Though at present, the country managers enjoy liberty concerning HR practices, yet the thinking now is to nurture global managers, integrated policies, and foster culture with global dimensions.The suggested HR strategy for Altomi Associates should comprise such a vision and guidelines as are uncouthly oriented, nurture broad behavior, fosters mutual trust, forges global cooperation. The decision-making process should include decision-making committees that have global perspective, are based on communication between the produ ct, country, and field experts in the network (Carvalho and Cabral-Cardoso, 2008). Suitability of staff should be based on qualification rather than on country of origin (Budhwar et al., 2009). Human resource development should be through international networking and check educational advancement, overseas placement, and flexibility in dealing with issues concerning personal maintenance. The strategy should incorporate appraisal systems and cross-border advancement opportunities that are in tune with the international systems and practices. The strategy should also have a policy that corroborates with the main organizational objectives.

Five Phases of Nursing Process Essay

Five Phases of Nursing Process EssayDiscuss how the five phases of the cargon for appendage whitethorn be used to provide effective circumspection for c be (1500-2000)IntroductionThe moderate as a wellness c be provider meets the total needs of the uncomplaining role and this need to be done in an attentive and cautious way as there is life involved. Nursing is have-to doe with with the psychological, spiritual, social and physical aspect of the person rather than only on the longanimouss medical condition. Critical thinking alone is not adequacy for solving problems. Critical thinking needs to be combined with scientific methods to identify affected role of ofs problems and provide care in an effective way. This organize of thinking and acting is called the care for lick.Nursing ProcessThe breast feeding march plan is an important aid in the hospitalization of diligents. It is a systematic, lymph node point not task centred which enables the nurse to identify the client care problems. The effective use of the nursing process helps the nurse to make up ones mind not only exist problems but also problems that might arise in the future. Being able to assume problems may prevent pain and complications to the client. The nursing process incorporates of five relate phases assessment, diagnosing, planning, implementation and valuation. Each of the five steps depends on the efficiency of the previous steps. In for each one step of the nursing process both the nurse and the persevering need to work together as partners. The nursing process is also a continuous process because health conditions hatful change from time to time. The nurse must frequently reassess, implement, insert smart interventions and revaluate the overall process. The nursing process has no specific periods, it send packing last for days, months or years, and all this depends on the patients current status. All steps of the nursing process rely upon complete and authent ic information gained and given about the client. judgmentThe nursing process begins as soon as a relationship forms between the patient and the nurse. This nurse-client relationship will help and also determine part of the end results.Assessment begins by gaining information regarding the patient. Data stub be collected from a variety of sources. The client is the primary source which heap share personal perceptions and feelings about health and illness. During the assessing process the nurse and the patient will eventually start building a sense of trust between them. It is the nurse duty to nurse the patient comfortable enough to talk and give information this will help the nurse to identify more quickly the patient strengths and weaknesses. Secondary sources are utilizing when additional information is required to clarify data and when the patient is unable to provide information. However, they include the patients family or individuals present in the patients environment. When data is given by secondary sources it is also important for the nurse to avoid being defensive as this may cause both the client and relatives to avoid being honest and open. The nurse communication must consider the patient and family feel free to share their comments and also ask both(prenominal) questions, subsequently all this aids for a expose plan of care. The nurse while gaining information from secondary sources should carefully consider the patients properly to confidentiality.Interviewing, observation and physical examination are three major methods that are used to gather information during nursing assessment. By interviewing the patient the nurse can acquire specific information and naturally it facilitates nurse-patient relationship. The nonverbal components of a nurse-patient interaction frequently transmit a message more effectively than the actual communicate words. The patients facial expression however also reveals important information. On the other pa y observation involves the use of senses to acquire information and this in general requires practice from the nurse. The focus of physical examination is the diagnosis of the disease. Both objective and subjective data are used while assessing the patient. Objective data consist of observational attitudes towards the patients behaviour. Subjective data is gathered when the nurse while interviewing the patient obtain data about his/her feelings.After the assessing part, documentation of data needs to be done. The purpose of documentation is to establish communication amongst the members of the health team. Documentation also tracks the patient progression and regression. Assessment is a continues activity that begins at the time of admission and continue during patient contact.DiagnosisAfter the nurse has collected and prioritized the patient data, diagnosis begins. The North American Nursing Diagnosis connectedness (NANDA) which operates the official list of nursing symptomatics states that nursing diagnosis are a professional judgment based on the application of clinical friendship which determined potential or actual experiences and responses to health problems and life processes. Through nursing diagnosis the nurse can determine actual and potential health problems. Existing needs will always take the priority upon potential problems not because they are not important but the existing ones would need to be tackled first to try to avoid potential ones. In the diagnosing step, the nurse analyzes data gathered from the nursing assessment. These data help the nurse to identify patient strengths and health problems. In this phase data are processed, classified, interpreted, and validated. Classification allows the nurse to manage the large volume of data. Placing data into categories also helps the nurse to identify lacking(p) data that require for more discussion. Interpretation leads the nurse to recognize the patients patterns and trends. While through validation the nurse is able to verify the accuracy of data. Errors in the diagnostic process such as inaccurate interpretation of data, incomplete data and lack of knowledge or experience can result in nursing diagnostic statements that are not suitable for the patient. Diagnosis will help the nurse to report the findings to other health care professions and work collaboratively with them to resolve the patient problem. We should be aware about the difference occurring between nursing diagnosis and medical diagnosis. While the nursing diagnosis identifies responses to health and illness medical diagnosis focuses more on curing.PlanningAfter the nurse collects patient data and identifies patient strengths and health problems, it is time to plan for nursing action. The nurse here can debate with a specialist to choose an adequate type of plan of care to a particular patient. During planning the nurse needs to work hand in hand with the patient and family to prioritize the nursing dia gnosis. Educating the patient and answering questions about the patients doubts is really useful in this phase as this gives a discharge image on what the patient needs are to build his/her outcomes. Prioritizing takes place by identifying patient goals and expected outcomes, identify nursing interventions that may help the patient to achieve his/her goals, and communicate the plan of care. If an outcome is nursed-focused rather than patient-centred it is incorrectly done. If a patient is not willing enough to achieve certain goals and outcomes than the plan of care would be waste of time. The inclusion of the patient as and active participant in the plan of care will help to facilitate the achievement of the outcomes. patient ofs refusal to participate in the plan of care may result to a failure in validation. The nurse, patient and family need to work together to make the goals valuable and lead to a worthwhile plan of care. The initial planning is the initial assessment as soon as the patient admission and this may change several times according to the patient new diagnosis and goals. Ongoing planning is the assessment done by all the nurses who work with the client throughout the time a patient is admitted to hospital. Discharge planning is the plan of care after the patient is discharged from hospital.ImplementationThe implementation phase begins after the nursing care plan has been developed. Here plan of care is put into action to see how effective it is. The purpose of implementation is to assist the patient in achieving desired health goals prevent disease and illness, restore health and facilitate coping with altered functioning. It is important for the nurse to assess the patient periodically so it will be easy for the nurse to establish whether interventions are being effective. Again when implementing nursing care it is important to work in partnership with the patient and family. Before implementing nursing action, the nurse should reassess the patient again to make sure whether the action is still needed. It is very typical that changes occur within the nursing actions due to health changes which may be enhanced or deteriorated. After all it is of great importance to face the patient about his/her health point caringly, he/she has right to know what he/she is experiencing. Documentation is really important in this phase both for the nurse and for the patient. The nurse through documentation can evaluate and examine the patients status while the patient can by him/herself analyze his/her own health advancement and where he/she can improve more to reach goals. After documentation is done the nurse should consult colleagues to see if other approaches might be more successful.EvaluationThe process of evaluation which is ongoing happens as soon as all the nursing intervention actions occur. Through evaluation the nurse in relation with the patient determine whether the goals/outcomes stated in the plan of care have been met, partially met or not met. Effectiveness of care is determined through this process in which new modification can be introduced. Based on the patients responses to the plan of care and achievement the nurse can decide whether to terminate, if there are difficulties in achieving outcomes or continue the plan of care if more time is needed to achieve goals. The purpose of evaluation is to determine the overall patients progress, lack of progress and the effectiveness of nursing care in helping patients achieve their expected outcomes/goals. Evaluation can be conducted at the end of the nursing process and this is done by comparing the patients health status with the outcomes defined in the plan of care. If evaluation reveals that the patient has made little or no progress towards goals/outcomes stated in the plan of care the nurse needs to revaluate each previous step. If the outcome was achieved by the patient then the care plan can be revised again without the need to add more outco mes in the nursing plan. An effective evaluation can result from the nurses accurate communication with the patient and good observation skills throughout the ongoing process. Evaluation can give a feedback this feedback is judging the nurse whether being a good care giver or what could be arranged next time to be a better one.ConclusionWhen the nursing process is used effectively it promotes many advantages both towards the nurse and patient. From the nurses point of view, the nursing process enables you to determine if your nursing care helped the client. The nursing process also helps the nurse to avoid errors and inadequacy in the plan of care. The nurse by making use of the nursing process can improve communication with the rest of the health care professions and patients. On the other hand, the client is an active participant, knowing well his/her roles in his/her health status. Therefore, the patient is given a sense of responsibility. When the nursing process is delivered in a proper way, it works efficiently leading to satisfying results. This is the reason why nurses are encouraged to make use of this process as much as possible. Sometimes it is difficult to manage to implement the nursing process well to each patient. Often wards are too chaotic having opposing patients or being short of staff and it is difficult for a nurse to give a part of attention on each patient. Nurses are human and as humans they are not perfect, although they try to give their best in patients care and needs. After all their dedicated work, nurses get back a huge sense of satisfaction when seeing that they were part of great difference to others.