Independent and depentent variables of psychology Essay

* Independent variable – The variable that is manipulated to test its effects on the dependent variable. * Dependent variable – The variable that is measured to see how it is changed by manipulations in the independent variable. Scenarios 1 Coach Jones has noticed that her players tend to shoot a higher percentage from the free throw line when they play away, rather than at home. Surprised at this trend, she and her assistants decide to test this by comparing free-throw percentages over the course of a year. a Independent variable- Playing at away vs. home b Dependent variable- Free throws 2 Mr. Feldman has noticed the students in his high school Biology class tend to do better on tests taken on Friday, rather than tests taken on Monday. He decides to test the hypotheses. a Independent variable- Testing date b Dependent variable- Testing scores 3 John, Wendy, and Sean, all avid fishermen, have noticed that they always seem to catch more fish when it is raining outside. They decide to test the hypotheses. a Independent variable-The rainy weather b Dependent variable- The chance of catching more fish 4 Tony has designed a study to determine if alcohol really inhibits one’s ability to drive a car. a Independent variable- Alcohol b Dependent variable- Ability to drive 5 Does eating spinach really make you stronger? a Independent variable – Spinach b Dependent variable- Strength 6 Does staying physically fit increase your chances of living longer? a Independent variable- Fitness. b Dependent variable- Longer life. 7 Does taking classes in college really make you smarter? a Independent variable- College b Dependent variable- Intelligence 8 Is it true that animals that listen to classical music make happier pets? a Independent variable- Classical music b Dependent variable- Happy pets 9 Hypothesis: The taller a person is, the more likely they are to enjoy chocolate ice cream. a Independent variable- Being Tall b Dependent variable- Chocolate ice cream. 10 Hypothesis: The more a student attends class, the better they do on exam grades. a Independent variable- Attendance b Dependent variable- Higher exam score 11 Does peer pressure negatively affect teenagers attendance in school? a Independent variable- Peer pressure b Dependent variable- Poor attendance 12. A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. a.Independent variable- Consuming chocolate c Dependent variable- Nervousness 13. A researcher wants to know whether feeling nervous makes people eat chocolate. a. Independent variable- Nervousness b. Dependent variable- Consuming chocolate 14. Professor Marshall wants to know if eating sweets for a bedtime snack makes children active. a. Independent variable- Sweets b. Dependent variable- More active at bedtime 15. A researcher plans to investigate whether a cup of hot milk at night helps people relax so that they fall asleep quickly. a. Independent variable- Cup of hot milk b Dependent variable- relax and sleepiness 16. Gabrielle conducted a small experiment examining the effects of music on time perception. She had three groups of subjects. Group 1 was exposed to classical music, group 2 was exposed to contemporary rock and the third group received no music. a. Independent variable- Music i.e.; classical & contemporary rock & silence b. Dependent variable- Perception of time. 17 A study was done on the effects of punishment on self-esteem. a. Independent variable-Punishment b. Dependent variable- Self-esteem

Diliman Preparatory School Essay

Introduction Meeting deadlines appear to be very stressful among students. They like to work at the very last days to run after the deadline. Cramming like a speedy horse in complying with a given specific task the day or night before. Why? It is a matter of upbringing or behavioral pattern that governs the mentality of a student thinking that he could work or think more intelligently and logically if the time has already been running out. Modern technologies like cell phone, internet, and television catch the attention and focus of the students in terms of doing school work. Facebook addiction as a form of leisure and going away from family or environmental problems has been accumulating throughout the daily lives of a number of students. More often than not, students blame their teachers about giving short deadlines and heavy assignments. Failure to meet submission deadlines is one of the causes why students get a low grade. Most teachers give a deduction in the grades if the student does not care with the period within which to prepare the task assigned. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to solve these following questions: 1. What are the disadvantages of not passing projects on time? 2. What are the solutions to the problems bought by the disadvantages? 3. How do the students deal with the set deadlines? 4. What are the factors that make high school students of Diliman Preparatory  School neglect to meet deadlines? HYPOTHESIS â€Å"High school students of Diliman Preparatory School have difficulties in meeting deadlines because of their personal priorities.† IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY The goal of this study is to help the faculty members to know and understand why students fail to meet submission deadlines. This thesis will also assist the students to know their weaknesses, to change and deal with difficulties in school especially when submitting projects. It aims to help further related topics conducted by students on their research work. Furthermore, we would like to know what might cause the problem on school work. Likewise, the researchers want to know the possible ways to prevent failure in submission deadlines. DEFINITION OF TERMS Addiction- to much usage of something Deadline- the time by which something must be finished or submitted Extra-curricular activites- non-academic activities in school Laziness- declined to work Peer pressure- social pressure by members of one’s peer group Procrastination- the act of delaying something Resources- an available means Time management- setting of priorities in a given time SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY This study is only covers the reasons why high school students of Diliman Preparatory School fail to meet submission deadlines. Conduction of survey will be done from both honors and non honors classes. Random students will be chosen as a sample to avoid biased results. This will only be limited within the Diliman Preparatory School campus. No other people from different campus can be part of this study. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Procrastination or â€Å"intentional delay†?  By Amy Novotney Procrastination hinders many graduate students, but sometimes delaying work to plan ahead or take a break can be beneficial. Jenny Cartinella cleans her apartment. Cathy Webber does math puzzles. Matt Kressin checks sports scores, and Carmen Ramirez Walker updates her Facebook page. All of them are psychology students putting off other tasks they’re supposed to be doing. It’s a tough habit to break, particularly these days when the Internet allows students to escape dissertation-writing frustrations with the click of a mouse. A 2007 meta-analysis by University of Calgary psychologist Piers Steel, PhD, reports that 80 percent to 95 percent of college students procrastinate, particularly when it comes to doing their coursework (Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 133, No. 1). Graduate students may be better than undergrads at fighting off procrastination, but they’re still pretty good at putting things off. In a 1997 survey, University of Denver School of Education professor Kathy Green, PhD, found that procrastination was one of the top reasons doctoral students failed to complete their dissertations (New Directions for Higher Education Vol. 1,997, No. 99). â€Å"Procrastination is a natural part of graduate school,† says self-proclaimed postponer Kressin, a clinical psychology student at the School of Professional Psychology at Forest Institute in Springfield, Mo. â€Å"It’s so important to learn how to deal with it.† What triggers students to clean out closets or wax the car when it’s time to work on their statistics paper? Usually it’s self-doubt, says procrastination researcher and Carleton University psychology professor Timothy A. Pychyl, PhD. â€Å"As students, you’re always being pushed out of your depths—that’s what learning is,† Pychyl says. Graduate students worry about performing inadequately or fear their success may raise others’ expectations of them, he says. Other students may actually think they get a thrill out of delaying their work and believe they work best under pressure, though that’s not borne out in the experimental data, says DePaul University psychology professor Joseph Ferrari, PhD. Several studies in Steel’s 2007 meta-analysis suggest procrastination is negatively related to overall GPA, final exam scores and assignment grades. â€Å"Students seem to remember the one time that maybe waiting until the last minute did pay off with a good grade, but they  forget the other nine times when it didn’t,† Ferrari says. Procrastination can also take a toll on a student’s mental health and well-being. In one 2007 study, Florida State University psychologists Dianne M. Tice, PhD, and Roy F. Baumeister, PhD, examined procrastination among students in a health psychology class. They found that early in the semester, procrastinators reported lower stress and less illness than non-procrastinators, but that late in the term, procrastinators reported higher stress and more illness (Psychological Science, Vol. 8, No. 6). Educational psychologist Bruce W. Tuckman, PhD, has devoted much of his career to helping procrastinators learn how to get to work. As director and professor of the Ohio State University W.E. Dennis Learning Center, Tuckman teaches a course on learning and motivation strategies that 1,000 students attend each year. The course teaches students psychological principles and theories about achievement, motivation, self-regulation and information processing. Students also complete a questionnaire asking about which of 15 common rationalizations (see sidebar) for procrastination they use most often. They then learn about the most common reasons for procrastination, including a fear of failure, and several actions to take to ensure they meet their deadlines (see sidebar). In a paper he presented at this year’s American Educational Research Association annual meeting, Tuckman provided evidence that the course may really work: Over seven years, students who took the class ended up with higher grade point averages—typically about 0.5 points higher in the semester after the course. They also reported higher college retention and graduation rates than a control group of matched students who did not take the course. â€Å"It really makes a significant difference,† he says. Yet a small subset of researchers proposes that not all procrastination behaviors are harmful or lead to negative outcomes. In a 2005 study in The Journal of Social Psychology (Vol. 145, No. 3), Jin Nam Choi, PhD, a business professor at Seoul National University in South Korea, differentiated between two types of procrastinators: passive procrastinators, who postpone tasks until the last minute because of an inability to act in a timely manner, and active procrastina tors, who prefer the time pressure and purposely decide to delay a task but are still able to  complete tasks before deadlines and achieve satisfactory outcomes. Choi and co-author Angela Hsin Chun Chu, a doctoral student at Columbia University, tested the 12-item scale they developed to distinguish the two procrastination types among a group of 230 undergraduates from three Canadian universities. They found that although active procrastinators reported the same level of procrastination as their traditional or passive counterparts, they demonstrated a productive use of time, adaptive coping styles and academic performance outcomes that were nearly identical to—and in some cases even better than—those of non-procrastinators. In a study published in April in the same journal, Choi and McGill University organizational behavior doctoral student Sarah V. Moran developed and validated an expanded measure of active procrastination and confirmed the 2005 findings. â€Å"From my own life and findings from these studies, I believe that procrastination characterized by these four effects—outcome satisfaction, preference for pressur e, intentional decision and ability to meet deadlines—is beneficial for individual well-being and performance,† Choi says. But graduate students shouldn’t view this research as a free pass to spend hours on Facebook when they should be developing a bibliography for their thesis, merely because they think they’re doing it purposefully, Pychyl says. He argues that Choi’s research points out the positives of intentional delay, which can be a necessary part of managing daily tasks while pursuing our goals, he says. â€Å"Delay and procrastination are not the same things,† Pychyl says. â€Å"Let’s not confuse deliberate, thoughtful delay of action with the lack of self-regulatory ability known as procrastination.† Instruments, Tools and Techniques We use questionnaire as our survey forms for this study. Random selection of 50 respondents was done in order to get unbiased result. We gather information from the internet in order to find related studies in our research. Data analysis and procedure The survey forms which are approved by the principal asked the respondents if they like doing projects, how many projects did they usually do in a quarter, what are the reasons why teacher set deadlines, how long is the submission of project-making prior to submission, what are the reasons why students fail to meet submission deadlines, and what is the possible solution in order to help the students meet submission deadlines. After getting the information needed, we tallied and used the proper formula to interpret the data and make conclusion. Sampling Procedure We used random as a sampling technique, wherein we chose randomly a subset of individuals from a larger set. Each individual is chosen randomly in every year level by chance. Statistical Treatment We use percentage method and ranking scale for Statistical method. Manual computation took place because we need to rank the reasons of failure of meeting submission deadlines. SUMMARY Most of the students don’t like doing projects. Usually they do 4-6 projects in a quarter. It’s good to know that majority of them meet submission deadlines. They think that teacher’s give projects to teach them proper time management. The duration of project making prior to submission deadline is commonly 2 weeks. Many of the respondents ranked laziness as the main reason why students don’t meet deadlines and setting priority is the best way students think in order to submit requirements on time. CONCLUSION Based on the results of our data, we can conclude that laziness is the main factor why students fail to meet submission deadlines. Laziness may lead to lack of time management, technology addiction, and other factors stated above. Lack of allotted time for project making affects the student’s performance. Having many projects and lack to time may lead to student’s dilemma. RECOMMENDATION We suggest for the next researchers to have a broad study about the solutions in order to help students meet submission deadlines. For the faculty members and school administrators, we recommend conducting a study or survey among

Co-Education

Argumentative essay – Separate-Gender Classes in Co-Ed School is the best solution to the situation Nowadays, many parents are worrying about the amount of distractions that exist in co-ed schools, which directly affect their children's academic performance. This is simply due to the fact that there are chemical reactions when different genders spend time together. Consequently, there are a number of negative effects, for example, achieving bad academic performance and inappropriate relationship for children.While it cannot be denied that this issue will not disappear soon, I have analyzed two long run solutions. The first is assigning students in single-sex school and the other one is allocating them in single-sex classes in co-ed school. The second solution means putting all girls in one classroom and all boys in another, while they are in the same school. In the following essay, I will explain why assigning students in single-sex classes in co-ed school is the best solution to solve the issue that parents are worrying about.One point which I consider to be absolutely vital is the balance of subject-liking preference for both girls and boys. In other words, there are gender-typical subject preferences in both education systems: Single-sex school and Co-ed school. A British researcher has carried the research based on the attitudes of the students toward different subjects. â€Å"Students at co-ed schools tended to have gender-typical subject preferences: boys at co-ed schools liked math and science and did NOT like drama or languages, whereas boys at single-sex schools were more interested in drama, biology and languages.Likewise, girls at girls-only schools were more interested in math and science than were girls at co-ed schools† (Stables. 1990). Brian Walsh, who has been a principal at both boys' schools and co-ed schools, also made the observation: â€Å"Boys ordinarily do not even try to sing in a co-ed school, whereas they love choral sin ging in a boys' school; in the co-ed setting they make fun of French pronunciation, whereas in the single-sex setting they enjoy becoming fluent in French† (Riesman, 1990).There are gender-typical subject preferences in both single-sex schools and co-ed schools. However, this issue can be balanced by combining the ideas of single sex classes and co-ed school together in one school. In order words, implementing separated gender classes within a mixed gender school can actually balance the issue of subject-liking preference. There is a research carried by University of Cambridge can prove that separating students for some subjects help them to concentrate and improve their exam grades in the classes.Many girls and boys feel more at ease in such classes, feel more able to interact with learning and to show real interest without inhibition, and often achieve highly in all the performance† (‘Separate class needed for boys', 2005). Specifically, if we apply the second so lution to the school system – putting girls in one classroom and boys in another classroom in co-ed school, there are no or less gender-typical subject preferences. Different genders will try hard on the subjects that they don’t prefer to study as in co-ed school and in single sex school.For example, boys will be more likely to sing in the class and will also like mathematics and science as well as drama, biology and languages. Therefore implementing separated gender classes within a mixed gender school can not only balance the issue of subjects-liking preference, but also allowing children to become more well-rounded students, which I believe this is something most parents hope to see. There is less interaction between genders in a single sex school, which means it has less distraction for students than co-ed schools.However, in terms of social life, less interaction from different genders means less practical social abilities in daily life in single sex school. In or der to reduce this problem, a separate-gender classroom in a co-ed school system is the ideal solution. Therefore another benefit of having single-gender classroom within a co-ed school system is the self-development of students’ social skills. As in single-sex school, since all peers are girls in girls’ schools and all classmates are boys in boys’ schools, there is no interaction between different genders inside the school in daily life.Ruben A. Gaztambide-Fernandez, an assistant professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto, has mentioned that â€Å"Single sex schools shelter the opportunity of social behaviors from students. †(Aschaiek, 2012). On the other hand, many people think that the interactions between male and female students are too frequent in co-ed schools, which may cause unexpected and complicated relationships. In my personal opinion, it is true that there is not enough cross-gender interaction i n single sex schools and there is too much interaction in co-ed schools.Therefore, In order to balance to the interactions between different genders to maintain a considerate relationship and healthy social life, applying the second solution of separate-gender classrooms in co-ed school is the best alternative to this issue. This could be further explained by increasing the activities between different genders in their break time after the separate-gender classes in co-ed schools. To sum up, even though single sex schools have many other advantages for children to study, separate-gender classes in co-ed school is still the best alternative to solve the worry from the parents.It may not only improve children’s academic performance, but also help their social abilities to be more confident in dealing with any problem in a relationship. More importantly is that girls at the separate-gender classroom have less stereotyped thoughts about the role of a woman. Co-Education – A Detailed Essay Co-education means the education of boys and girls together. In our country there is co-education in some college and schools, in most colleges and school there is separate education for boys as well as for girls. Co-education has remained controversial issue in our country.Some people are in favour of this system and want to introduce it in all schools and colleges. They say that this system is very useful. They give many arguments in its favour. Their main argument is that in poor and backward country like Pakistan it is impossible to maintain separate institutions. Therefore co-education should be opened to girls also. The supporters of co-education also say that in progressive society men and women should come closer co-education would provide an opportunity to the young men and women to understand each other. This would be very helpful for them in future life.It would also be good for the progress of the country raise the standard of education. Because it will promote competition among boys and girls. In fact the supporters of co-education are talking of its benefits in such a manner, if it is only road to heaven. A little thought would expose the hollowness of these arguments. Everyone who has visited even a couple of colleges and schools knows that all of our institutions are frightfully over crowded. The girls’ schools and colleges too are over-crowded. Hundreds of new educational institutions are needed. It some of these are reserved for girls, it would not cost more to government.If number of girl’s students were small then the consideration of economy would have been partly valid. The second argument is also not valid if young men and women can’t understand each other in their homes and families, then they would not be able to do so in the school or college. Why that one is feels that one can understand the opposite sex only if one meets one’s neighbours daughter. The system of co-education will not raise the standard of education. Temptation of flirting is strongest than the urgent reading text books co-education will create many problems not only for the students but also for teachers.Temptation does not distinguish between the students and the teacher. The real reason why some people support co-education is that they like western culture. They want to be more English than English because west has co-education so they must have it. But we have to consider whether our religion, our culture and our circumstances allow us to adopt co-education. I can say that they certainly not allow us to adopt such system. If co-education is inevitable one would agree to it. But it is not a necessary evil. And there is no reason that we should patronize everything with foreign name.If it is necessary we should adopt it only at elementary level while at secondary level and higher secondary level there should be separate system of education. By adopting this system at secondary and higher secondary l evel we will only be able to promote vulgar-ness in our society. Essay on Co-Education System Co-education is a system of educating boys and girls together. In ancient times, co-education was prevalent in Greece. Today, this system of education is there in almost all the countries of the world. It is economical. It generates a spirit of comradeship between boys and girls.The problem of shortage of trained teachers can be dealt with by this system. Boys overcome their curiosity and girls, their shyness. They learn to respect one another. Though a few conservative people are against this system, their views do not hold ground. Co-education generates harmonious relationship, a sense of co-operation, and thus, helps in the progress of the nation. Co-education is a system of educating boys and girls together. In ancient times, co-education existed in Sparta in Greece. There was no discrimination between boys and girls. They studied and played together.Along with academic education, physi cal training was also given to both the sexes. Plato, the Greek philosopher, believed that co-education helped in the development of personality of both men and women and created a feeling of comradeship among them. He felt that co-education was the only method to make both men and women useful members of society. Hence, in the west, the importance of co-education has been felt since ancient times. In early Vedic Society (Ancient India), co-education was prevalent in a few places. But gradually female education began to be ignored.Moreover, the system of education was quite different from that of today. The boys stayed in Gurukuls, for the whole educational period. There they received both in academic education and physical training. The former included the study of the scriptures and the latter, training in warfare. Girls were not sent to the Gurukuls, and thus were deprived of the benefits of education. In medieval India, those belonging to lower castes and the womenfolk were not allowed to attend schools or study the scriptures. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, great social reformer and scholar, fought against this practice and succeeded in his mission.His job was further carried on by other social reformers. Today, co-education is prevalent in almost all the countries of the world. In India, there are a number of co-educational schools, colleges and universities. There are a number of advantages in the co-educational system of education. It is economical. Poor countries cannot afford to open separate schools for boys and girls. If boys and girls are taught together in the same school, then there will be no need to open separate schools for them. Thus, the cost to be incurred on building infrastructure, furniture, stationery, personnel recruitment, etc. will be saved.There is a shortage of good trained teachers in developing countries like India. If there is co-education, same staff can teach both boys and girls at the same time in the same class, and the problem of sho rtage can be dealt with. Establishing more of co-educational schools can help in spreading literacy even with the limited teaching staff and infrastructure. Thus, it will be beneficial for both boys and girls and the nation as a whole. Co-education helps the boys and girls to intermingle and understand each other well. They become more broad-minded and tolerant towards the opposite gender.They interact freely with one another, thereby overcoming hesitation and shyness. Thus, co-education leads to a healthy and harmonious relationship between boys and girls. In a co-educational school, boys are free to meet and talk with girls. They develop a feeling of friendship among themselves. Boys then, usually don't indulge in eve-teasing. Co-education contributes to the balanced development of the personality of boys and girls. A new study has revealed that the co-educational schools are better as the presence of girls in classes restrains boys from indulging in unruly behavior and improves t heir academic performance.Infect, a higher percentage of girls not only lowers the amount of classroom disruption but also fosters a better relationship between students and their teachers. The researchers found that classes with more than 55% of girls resulted in better exam results and less violent outbursts overall. Boys with more female peers in their classes showed higher enrolment rates in both advanced mathematics and science classes, but overall benefits were found in all grades for both sexes. They conclude that this effect is due to the positive influence, the girls are adding to the classroom environment.Infect the study found that primary school classrooms with a female majority showed increased academic success for both boys and girls. In the middle and high schools, the classrooms which had the best academic achievements overall were consistently those that had a higher proportion of girls enrolled. The researchers suggest that boys and girls may learn differently, but it is better not to send them to sex-segregated schools. Boys become conscious of their dressing habits, behavior and the style girls. They work hard to remain ahead of one another.Co-education reduces gender bias in the society. It generates a feeling of equality between both and sexes. The feeling of male dominance may be wiped out from the society if this system of education is given importance. However, some people are opposed to the system of co-education. According to them, this system is against the Indian culture and tradition. It is also argued that girls feel freer in an institution which is meant only for girls. As such they have greater scope of developing their personality. They also participate in sports, dramatics and debates more freely.Teachers of some subjects like Biology also find it easier to explain some chapters more thoroughly if only girls or only boys are sitting in the class. Sex education has also been introduced and in co-educational schools even teache rs find it difficult to discuss such topics in the class. It is also felt that since students (especially teenagers 13-19 years of age) are of impressionable age, the possibility of their going astray is much more in co-educational institutions, where they enjoy more freedom of intermingling with the other sex. They also do not remain focused on studies.It should be acknowledged that in the fast changing society of twenty first century co-education has to become the order of the day. Today girls are entering all professions in large numbers. Many of them are heading big organizations. Co-education will help young boys and girls to mix freely and understand one another better. Today's children are tomorrow's citizens. We must encourage them to develop their personality in a free healthy atmosphere. Girls no more have to remain confined to the four walls of the house. Co-education will help both sexes to learn and work together for the progress of the country.

Social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Social policy - Essay Example The activities of discrimination by the social workers towards the travellers fall under the category of institutional discrimination. In order to prevent the undesired activities of discrimination that has led to the increase of harassment and distress in the course of livelihood of the travellers, the social policy on the adoption of anti-discriminatory practices have been formulated. The social policy has influenced changes in the approach of the social workers that have prompted them to undertake activities that advocated the rights of the travellers to attain equal access to public resources. The National Association of Social Workers is the largest body of association of professional worker that was founded in the year of 1955. The international organization for social work consists of around 130000 workers belonging to various communities of United States and other parts of the world. The social workers have the mission of promoting the best practices in the field of social work by engaging deeply with the individuals and their families living in the communities and understanding their needs and areas of deprivation (Acton, 2007, p.62). The purpose of the social workers is directed at protecting the best interest of the communities and its individual members and families through dedicated activities and advocating the cause of protection of the community members in the areas in which they lack. The activities of the social workers are guided by their objectives of continuously working to improve the living conditions of the members and the families in the society (Adam son and Donovan, 2005, p.38). This has been achieved through the application of professional knowledge and skills necessary for offering better social services to the communities. The National Association of Social Workers also desires to increase the professional knowledge and skills through the process of field

Valuation of a Building for a Hospitality Project Research Paper

Valuation of a Building for a Hospitality Project - Research Paper Example This project is going to give the investor a reason to buy the property for a sustainable gain for the long term future. The long term from this particular property chosen is great due to high net revenue returning to the investor. The total revenue collected over the first year will be just over 4.25 million dollars. The net operating income after subtracting all expenses is just over 225,000 dollars. 1 The sources used in this project all came from the internet. The various sources give us the information that will provide the investor with the information he needs to learn about the chosen property for this project. To find this property, I chose to search the internet for hotels for sale. I came across the website for the realtors Huff, Niehaus, and Associates which shows the property listing for the property I chose. That property is the Crowne Plaza Cincinnati Blue Ash just outside of Downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The analysis used in this paper is SWOT analysis with a valuation process that uses three approaches. Thus, we use the three different approaches to give us an overall feel for exactly what the property is worth. This project is broken up into several sections. The first section that will be looked at is the Executive Summary. The next section, that follows the Executive Summary, is the Property Summary where this project will take an in-depth look at the Crowne Plaza Blue Ash. This in-depth look will show a literal descriptive snapshot of the hotel along with some pictures as well. We’ll also take a look at the valuation process which we used to determine the value of the hospital to our investor. Then, we’ll take a look a look at the Market, in which, the Crowne Plaza Cincinnati Blue Ash resides. The last section is the conclusion which will sum up the reasoning for the investor to buy the recently renovated hotel. The market research that will be shown here will show that it will be advantageous to purchase the

An Investigation Of The Common Reason Special Education Students Fail Dissertation

An Investigation Of The Common Reason Special Education Students Fail To Graduate From High School - Dissertation Example ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Background 2 Problem Statement 12 Purpose of the Study 15 Research Questions 16 Scope of the Study 16 Limitations and Delimitations 17 Definition of Terms 20 Research Plan 21 CHAPTER TWO 25 LITERATURE REVIEW 25 Introduction 25 Overview 26 Institutional reasons for dropping out 39 School belonging and dropout rates 45 Special education services and dropout rates 48 Exit exams 50 Inclusion: Does it reduce dropout rates? 55 Teachers and inclusion 65 Dropout prevention programs 72 IEP programming 75 Transition programming 77 Programs attending to social and academic elements of student lives: Finn’s participation-identification model of school engagement-belonging 80 School belonging and engagement and special education 92 Case studies of best practice school engagement programs that have improved the retention level of special education students in high school 100 C onclusion 103 CHAPTER THREE 105 METHODOLOGY 105 Introduction 105 Research Questions 106 Design 107 Active Observation 113 Intensive Interview 115 Replication of the Study 117 The Researcher’s Role 118 Data Collection Procedures 118 In-depth Interviews 119 Qualitative Data Analysis 122 The Coding Process 123 Trustworthiness 127 Ethical Considerations 129 APPENDIX A 143 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION High School Dropout Concerns Educators, policy makers and researchers have consistently tied the achievement gap to the student dropout rate (Ladson-Billings, 2006). As a result, educators, parents, employers and policy makers have expressed concerned over the persistent high drop-out rate particularly among high school students (Burris & Welner, 2005). For instance, reports from the US Census Bureau...For instance, reports from the US Census Bureau indicate that over the last 20 years or so, high school rates in the US have steadily declined to such an extent that it reached 90% (Barton , 2006). There has been a corresponding decline in labor force numbers indicating that fewer and fewer under-educated persons are entering the workforce (Lee and Mather, 2008). Tyler and Lofstrom (2009) reviewed US student data and concluded that dropout rate consistently fluctuates between 22 and 25 percent. The Editorial Projects in Education (EPE) Research Center (2010) conducted a national report, which found that approximately 1.3 million youth drop out of high school every year. However, the White House (as cited in America’s Promise Alliance, 2009) reported the number as a slightly lower figure of 1.2 million. A quantitative review of statistics by Sum et al (2009) demonstrates that â€Å"the incidence of institutionalization problems among young high school dropouts was more than 63 times higher than among young four-year college graduates† (p. 9). The need for effective dropout prevention strategies is important because the increasingly significant gap between the student who leaves high school without earning his/her diploma and the high school graduate has increasingly widened since the 1970s with regard to career mobility, unemploy ment rates and wages.

Viewer Identification with Television Characters Essay

Viewer Identification with Television Characters - Essay Example The reason I identified with his character before was because of his boyish charm that made him irresistible to all women, except Kate Beckett who seems to be immune to his charms. If I ever become a millionaire, I would want to be the gentleman millionaire that he is. He treats the women right and in exchange, the women treat him like a god as well. Just like Richard Castle, I too am a very loyal friend who is always there when any of them need my help. We are similar in the way that we treat our friends, more like family than some strangers whom I just met and have to find something in common with. We both exude this sense of familiarity that makes it easy for other people to get along with us even though we just met them. That is not hard to understand. After all, we both tend to bend over backwards for people just to make sure that we are liked. Castle was raised by a single mother just as I was. We both respect and and love our mothers to the extent that we would give our respective mothers the shirts off our backs if she asked us to. That is the kind of gratitude that Richard Castle displays for his mother. Even though he sometimes acts like he is just putting up with his mothers presence (name any man who does not pretend that at one time or another with his mom), the reality of their situation is that he loves her deeply and would never want to see her hurt in any way by any person. We all know that men are constantly looking for their partner in life. Sometimes, men get married because they have found the one for them. That is what Richard Castle did at one point in his life. The result was a an intelligent daughter named Alexis who was left in his custody after he divorced his first wife. His relationship with Alexis is the kind that I would want to have with any son or daughter of mine should I ever get married and find myself divorced, or even if I dont end up divorced. As for his loyalty to women, I

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay Example This type of appraisal should also provide qualitative and quantitative results as they provide a better understanding. The language used in an excellent performance appraisal should be neutral. Life after retirement can take a better meaning if it is well planned for before retirement. In order to live a happy retirement life it is important lay more emphasis on retirement plans. This planning is important in various ways; for one it eradicates the feeling of uselessness for the retired person. It also enables the retired person to live healthy and feel satisfied in life. During the job due to the constraint associated with work one is not able to indulge in certain hobbies such as travelling, therefore it is important to plan for this after retirement. It also reduces dependency on children who also have there own issues to handle. Many companies have started offering retirement counseling which is important for retirement planning. Companies have come to realize that their workers suffer a lot after their retirement due to lack of awareness. As a result this counseling emphasizes on matters of health both physical and mental which affects most of the retired people. The oncept of comparable worth is a social, economic and political issue which is concerned with gender-related pay scale in the workplaces according to Landy and Conte (223). . It requires that both men and women should be paid the same if they are doing work of comparable value in the same workplace. Though many consider the issue of comparable worth as gender neutral, according to me the social perspective of the issue is based on gender specificity as it focuses more on women payments compared to men payments. As a result it has resulted to the devaluation of work done by women. There are various job incentives which are beneficial to all employees. However some are more preferable than others. For instance some of the

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Journal - Essay Example We also learnt about the audience of the story. The people who read stories and listen to stories are the audience. We learnt that good compositions are about things that the audience knows. Week Three During this week, I learnt about analysis. Analysis is looking for facts and issues that are presented in the composition. Analyses are important because they help us to understand the issues that the composition is writing about. This lesson was important because it helped me to get good skills of analyzing compositions and other writing in English. Week Four This week was important because I was tested on the skills of how to analyze something that I had read. It was an important week in the classroom. In this week I was able to write a paper from the article called â€Å"The Responsibility of Intellectuals, Redux.† I was interested in this article because I read it and understood what it was about. It was the first assignment of analyzing an article that was written in Englis h language. I was an important test which helped me to sharpen my analytical skills. During this week, I gained skills of analysis and summary. I was able to read articles written in English and then summarize them in my own words. It was an important task that helped my process of learning, reading, and writing. Week Five This week was important because I was taught about ethos, logos, and pathos. ... Ethos are the symbols which writers use when they want to explain something in their writing. Pathos are the things that writers use to convince the readers. Pathos use emotions to make meaning out of the various issues that writers use in their writings and articles. Many times, the use of these ethos and logos are brought about through articles and stories. I also learnt about logos. Logos are used when writers want to use facts and logic in in their articles and other writings. These week helped me to understand the way different writers use different methods for making meaning from various sources. I can also use ethos, logos and pathos to write stories and make meaning from them. Week Six During this week, I was able to learn about poetry. We learnt about poems and the way of reading and writing poems. We were taught the way the language used in poetry is different from the language that is used in other forms of writing. Usually, the writing process is important because it help s people to understand the use of language very well. I was able to write some poems and to read others. I was also able to analyze some poems that are generally brought within the element of writing. Week Seven During this week I was able to try and write about the things that I was taught in class. It was a week that helped me to practice my new skills. Week Eight This week was important because it helped me to understand poetry and the styles used in writing of poems. I was able to read about tone by looking at the words that were used in writing of the poem. I have developed the skills of writing about the things used in poems in ways that are creative and which respond to the challenges of everyday life. Week Nine During this week I was now able to practice

Protecting Your Child from Internet Pornography t Research Paper

Protecting Your Child from Internet Pornography - Research Paper Example According to Goessl, one merit of the internet is that it has increased the ease of access to information and news worldwide. With just a click, one can get access to news happening all over the world. One is also able to read newspapers from other countries online. In most cases, the publication of news on the internet is faster than on major media networks. In June 2009 for instance, the government enforced a ban on foreign media in the aftermath of the Iranian election. Through Twitter, however, news of street protests was able to get to the rest of the world. Actually, people were able to upload a video of one protester that the police had shot on you-tube (2). The internet has also positively contributed to the cementing of networking among individuals quickly and efficiently. In the wake of the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan, for example, the internet proved very useful in rallying volunteers to assist in evacuations (Nomura, 2). More recently, during the devastating earthquake in Haiti, charity organizations were able to help the victims by giving their contributions online. Additionally, Haitians in the Diaspora were also able to look for missing family members by submitting their names online and waiting for feedback from people on the ground. The internet has also been invaluable to companies and individuals who conduct business. They are able to advertise and sell their products online. A good example is that of the Google search engine, one of the world’s largest companies. Google has optimized the searches that people carry out by matching their searches with corporations that vend similar products. They do this using ad words and when one clicks on any of the adverts, the companies pay Google for that (Historyofthings.com, para8).

Determination of the molar mass of magnesium Essay Example for Free

Determination of the molar mass of magnesium Essay Introduction: This experiment will be an attempt to determine the molar mass of magnesium. For that we will have an experiment where we dissolve sulphur into hydrochloric acid. Then we measure the amount of gas created during the reaction. To get the molar mass itself we will have to make sure to record the conditions of the experiment such as the temperature or pressure. Material: The material used for the experiment was: 1. eudiometer 2. thermometer 3. barometer 4. measuring cylinder (1000 cm3) 5. Stand with clamp 6. magnesium ribbon 7. hydrochloric acid Method: 1. About 20mm of magnesium ribbon and weight it with the accuracy of 0.001g 2. Pour 5cm3 of HCl into the eudiometer. Then carefully filling the eudiometer with water above the HCl, without mixing the liquids. 3. Wind the magnesium ribbon around a piece of copper wire and let it hang down a little bit into the eudiometer. Make sure there is a hole into the rubber stopper and fill it with water. 4. Place a large measuring cylinder filled with water in the sink. Put a finger over the hole in the stopper and turn the eudiometer upside down into the cylinder. 5. Observe what happens with the hydrochloric acid and magnesium after a little while. When the reaction is complete wait at least 5 minutes so that the eudiometer reaches room temperature. 6. Arrange the eudiometer in the cylinder so that the gas into the eudiometer has the same pressure as the air pressure in the room. Note the air pressure and temperature in the room. 7. Calculate the molar mass of magnesium. Result: Before the experiment the magnesium was carefully weighted on a scale. After turning the eudiometer the HCl started to go down towards the magnesium through the water. Once it reached it a reaction took place creating bubbles of air that went up to the top and pushed the water level down. Once the reaction ended all the magnesium was gone. During the reaction the temperature was read of a thermometer and the pressure of a barometer to get the most accurate values. finally we measured the volume of air inside the eudiometer. Conclusion and Evaluation: When studding the results and comparing them with the book (24.31 ) one can see that the value received from the experiment () is very comparable. Percentage yield: Despite that high percentage the experiment was not accurate enough to have the book value within the error range (≈). The biggest two sources of error in this experiment are the instruments (systematic errors) and of course the human factor (random errors). Also the part of the experiment where one is supposed to turn the eudiometer and put it into water can impossibly be done without bigger or lesser errors since its such a complex movement. Then I would like to put extra attention on the thermometer and especially the barometer. The thermometer could only show whole degrees which is a great loss to precision. Then the barometer seemed quite old and unstable and the need to convert the pressure to Pascal and finally reading from it was quite hard which in my opinion was altogether quite hard. Also these where only the conditions in the entire room. One cannot be sure if they where exactly the same in the tube. Especially the temperature of water could have been quite different. Then of course the amount mg could have impossibly been measured accurately and we cant be sure if exactly all of it reacted. Also the unknown pureness of the reactants and the solvent could justify the error in the result. My suggestions for improvements is to begin with is use of more precise instruments. Then a different method involving a more closed environment and a different method for gathering data. Bibliography: 1. Standard Level Chemistry Pearson Baccalaureate by Catrin Brown and Mike Ford

Driving Essay Example for Free

Driving Essay Realistically as you start your day it is safe to assume that you have no intentions of being in a head on collision and your vehicle being bashed nor did the person who was nonchalantly steering the car with their knee while texting as they were driving. Ultimately I think everyone will come across at least one irresponsible driver in their lifetime. Most of us are fortunate enough to survive these encounters, however not everyone is that lucky. Reckless drivers endanger and destroy people’s lives and possessions on a daily basis. Various conducts while driving are considered hazardous. Speeding is a very common practice that can lead to a catastrophe. Drivers that speed are engaging in irresponsible and impetuous conduct. It is especially dangerous to speed in residential neighborhoods where children and pets may be playing. Speeding drivers can also be dangerous in neighborhoods where homeowners in their vehicles are entering and exiting their driveways. Driving at an excessive rate of speed is quite common. This practice is especially dangerous when driving through a residential neighborhood or a school zone. Posted speed limits are not meant to be suggestions; ignore them and you run the risk of being stopped and ticketed by police. Driving Too Slow Some drivers fail to take into account the location where they are driving and drive at the same speed on the highway as they do in a residential area. A better strategy is to look at the posted speed limits and adjust your speed accordingly. Many dangerous driving habits are a result of over confidence. Drivers with years of experience sometimes become dangerous drivers because they are over confident with driving their particular vehicle or a particular route between home and work. They are not prepared when something out of the ordinary occurs.

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay Chapter 2 Introduction The manufacturing sector performance has always been the focus of academic and polity debates and especially so in India, due to the deviation of the same from theorized behavior (Developmental theory of transition of economies). Even recently, in the discourse on the recession, its aftermath and revival, the highlight was the manufacturing sector performance, since it is seen to be on retreat (After the 2008 crisis, it regained momentum (from a drop of about 10 percentage points in 2008 09) in 2009 10 at 9.7% (simple average annual growth) but since then it has been on a decline and in 2011 12 it was at 2.5%). The major industries (automobiles, chemicals, machinery equipment, textiles etc.) experiencing receding growth rates has seen the National Manufacturing Policy (2011) (which introduces the NIMZs (in addition to SEZs) to address the infrastructural bottlenecks faced by the industry) and other such critical measures from the government, especially since it fears that a recov ery is unseen in the horizon, given the probable interactive effects of rising interest rates, escalating fuel and input costs, the volatile exchange rate, falling domestic demand, uncertain global economic scenario and policy paralysis (Bhandare, 2011). This importance accorded to the sector arises from three main points, namely, its importance towards macro economic stability, its employment implications (given that the services sector, though the highest contributor to the GDP, contributes only about a quarter of the total employment and given that manufacturing sector employs, unskilled, semi skilled and skilled labour), its forward and backward linkages with the other sectors (which makes it the key to boosting the economys vital signs) and finally due to the emphasis that was placed on it (for an industry led development) by the development theories and Indias early development strategy. As Bhandare, rightly puts it, neither reforming the primary sector nor the leapfrogging of the services sector alone can deliver India a BALANCED and long term (sustainable) development. The idea of self reliance was at the roots of Indias development plans in the immediate decades after independence and this was the reason for the heavy emphasis on developing a strong industrial base for the country and thereby for the heavily monitored and regulated industrial policy regime. The focus and the responsibility to bring about the same (through strategic promotion of the heavy industries), fell on the public sector and as Trivedi et. al (2011) notes, the private sector was to play only a supplementary role. Some notable features of the Restrictive Regime were direct physical controls like capacity licensing, reservation of certain industries to the public sector (or rather the restriction of private sector from certain industries), tariff and non tariff barriers to imports, foreign exchange and investment regulations, other market regulations like MRTP etc. The transition to the Limited Liberalisation Regime (as termed by Burange Yamini, 2011) happened towards the la te 1970s and was marked by a slow shift from direct physical controls to indirect controls through selective delicensing and deregulation, encouraging the private sector in some industries, marginal relaxation of the tariff rates etc. The main aim of the reforms were to unleash the growth potential of the sector since the performance of the sector, prior to the late 70s, mirrored the performance of the economy which was characterized by growth rates which ranged at around 3%, that were infamously dubbed the Hindu growth rate. The Industrial policy regime then followed has been pointed to as the cause for the industrial stagnation by many, including Ahluwalia (1991) who also argues that the 80s reforms succeeded in bringing about a positive shift in the growth path of output and productivity. The 1991 reforms reflected explicit liberalization in the Industrial sector with the New Industrial Policy (1991) and were enacted with the primary intent of wading through the severe fiscal and macro economic crisis that India was mired in, at the time. These reforms were comprehensive and macro economic in nature and structural adjustment and stabilization were at the core of the 90s reforms (Trivedi et. al, 2011). These differences naturally generated expectations of higher growth paths of output and productivity than that of the 80s period. But as they note, the reforms succeeded in pulling the economy out of the crisis and in alleviating the foreign exchange constraint and controlling inflation but not in bringing about an upward shift in the growth of output and productivity. These expectations about the performance results of liberalization stems from the theorized behavior of Liberalisation (from cross country analyses of the effects of liberalization by developmental theorists), especially in developing countries. The logic behind this argument that liberalization leads to growth, especially in developing countries, has been covered by the developmental theory literature under four threads. First being that, liberalization leads to technological improvement which generates more efficient capacity utilization and thereby promotes investment and exports. This eventually leads to more robust output growth. Second theory states that liberalization increases competitive pressure in the economy and this will result in the exit of inefficient firms. The exit of the inefficient tail would leave the average efficiency in the economy higher up and thereby result in better output growth. The third is that liberalisation will release the producers from the disadva ntages of inefficiencies and increase the incentives for geographical diversification which implies capture of new export markets and expansion activities like mergers and acquisitions and these will raise the rate of growth of output of the sector. Another theory that stems from the Hecksher Ohlin model and proposes that liberalization will free the factors of production from inefficient regulations and costs and thereby will benefit the countrys abundant factor. Performance is usually considered synonymous with growth performance and therefore, is always assessed keeping growth as the key measure. Krugman (1994) notes that economic growth is the sum of two sources of growth, namely, increase in inputs and increase in output per unit of inputs (i.e, productivity). Growth Accounting calculates explicit measures of both to calculate what percentage of growth accrues to each input and what percentage to productivity and efficiency. The separate but interdependent concepts of Productivity, Efficiency and Competitiveness are indicators of performance. Growth via improved productivity (and not increased inputs) is the focus of any strategy that aims at sustainable growth and therefore productivity analysis is an integral part of any performance analysis. Mouelhi (2007) considers output growth, employment growth, productivity growth, exports growth and capital intensity growth as the indicators or elements of performance of the manufacturing sector . In this paper we analyse output and employment growth using data from the Annual Survey of industries and productivity growth using prior literature. Motivation Figure 1. Simple Annual Growth in GDP At Factor Cost, Constant Prices, Base Year 2004 05 Source: RBI, Handbook Of Statistics on the Indian Economy From the above figure it could be considered safe to say that the manufacturing sector and its growth rates do (quite heavily) influence the economys growth rate. That is to say, the direction of the manufacturing sector does reflect the mood of the economy or vice versa. Also, it is noted from the movement of the GDP and Share in GDP of both the Industry and Manufacturing sectors that Manufacturing pulls Industry (by a vastly higher measure) as compared to Mining Quarrying And Electricity, Gas Water Supply (namely, the other components of Industry). So it is assumed safe to use the IIP for the analysis under the study. So, it would be imperative to study the movements of the manufacturing sector especially under the current context of uncertainty over the global dynamics and Indias own concerns. Literature on the impact of liberalization is vast and divergent, with disagreements on the results, data quality and data sources, methodology, indicators and their scope, model specification etc. and therefore, as Rodrik (1997) says, the nature of the relationship between trade policy and economic growth remains very much an open question. Theories Examined Despite the aforesaid emphasis on the manufacturing sector in Indian planning outlays and strategies, share of manufacturing in GDP and its growth rate has only been modest at around 16% in 2009 10, from about 13% in 1970 71 and 15% in 1990 91. So, Trivedi et. al (2011) argues that the 90s reforms brought about increase in growth and productivity as did the 80s reforms. But these fell short of expectations especially when considering the fact that the reforms of 1991 were macro economic in nature while those of the 80s were restricted to the fiscal and industrial sector reforms. And further they cite Rodrik and Subramanian (2005) that there has been no structural break in either output or productivity growth since the initiation of the 90s reforms and that the 1980s reforms had resulted in an improved growth performance of Real Gross Output (compared to the Restrictive regime). But though this growth momentum has been maintained in the 1990s, they find no statistically significan t improvement in the same. As noted by Chaudhuri (2009), Nagaraj (2011), Burange Yamini (2011), Kalirajan (2004) and many others, the pattern of manufacturing growth observed before 1991 was that of periods of high growth invariably followed by periods of low growth. The period after 1991 has brought no difference to this trend. The rate is seen to fluctuate widely even in the post-reforms period, registering a decline since the early years, picking up in 1993 and decelerating again in the late 1990s. It has recovered since 2002-03 and fell back after 2007-08. The factors behind this instability of the sector ranges from famines to business cycles to shifts in policy regimes. Chaudhuri (2009) makes the following observations. The (compound annual) rate of growth for the manufacturing sector between 1991-92 and 2007-08 at 7.18% is only marginally higher than that attained during the first three plan periods (6.45%). Taking only the registered manufacturing sector, the increment betw een the periods is negligible at 0.1 %. In fact the growth rate (for the registered manufacturing sector) during 1952-53 to 1964-65 (8.87%) and during 1980-81 to 1990-91 (8.29%) was higher than that in the post-reforms period (between 1992-93 and 2006-07) at 7.99%. Using the Kinked Exponential Model for structural break analysis in growth rates, we find that there is only a marginal difference between the coefficients b1 and b2 which means that there is no substantial structural break in the Manufacturing GDP data. The analysis is for the period from 1980 81 to 2000 01. The kink is analysed at 2 different years, namely, 1990 91 and 1996 97 and no significant break is found in either year. But on analysing the same period for the Manufacturing Value Of Real Gross Output we note the structural break at 1996 97 is significant. The structural break is highly significant if Net Value Added of Manufacturing is brought under the analysis, over the same period. This implies that the analysis backs the argument that there hasnt been any substantial increase in the growth path of the Manufacturing output in the 1990s from that of the 1980s, in terms of Sectoral GDP. But when considering the Value Of Real Gross Output or Value Added of the sector, it seems there has been a structural break in 1996 97. Therefore, the analysis cannot be taken to validate or refute Rodrik and Subrahmanians argument that there hasnt been a structural break in output growth since 1991. Figure 2. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 1. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Figure 3. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 2. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Figure 4. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 3. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000) Table 4. CAGR Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDP Source: Own calculation Table 5. Summary Statistics Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDP Source: Own calculation Table 4, provides the Compound Annual Growth Rates for the different sub periods, from 1950 51 to 2011 12, and it can be seen that there has been only a marginal improvement in the CAGR in the 1990s as compared to that of the 1980s. And as table 5 shows, there has been a decrease in the absolute volatility in the growth in Manufacturing GDP in the 1980s (as seen from the Standard Deviation values) which is followed by an increase in the 90s only to further decline in the 2000s. The relative variability in the period 1991 92 to 2000 01 at 0.87 is higher than that of the previous period at 0.40. Growth rate of Share of the Manufacturing sector in GDP also follows the same trend. Another point worth noting is that there has been a consistent decline in the average growth in share of Manufacturing in GDP and this confirms what has been noted by Kalirajan (2004). Since 1997 98, along with the decelerating growth there has been a decline in the share of manufacturing in total GDP. Al so, as noted by Mani (2011) and Nagaraj (2011), the share of manufacturing sector in GDP was stagnating at around 15% even as the growth of the sector was at around 10% for over five years. Therefore, the data seems to point that the 90s reforms have not led to substantial positive changes in the growth path of output from that of the 80s. Another point to note is that there is an improvement all the figures in the 2000s (starting from the late 90s). Rodrik and Subrahmanian (2005) explains this as the J Curve effect of Productivity and Output growth. The J Curve rationale blames the major structural changes ensuing liberalization (and the adjustment process thereafter) for the initial slowdown in the sector (Hashim et al, 2009). Virmani (2005, 2006) proposed the hypothesis of the J-curve of productivity and output growth following major reforms and the differences in the pattern of productivity that was noticed to be brought about by the pacing of reforms. From empirical evidence we also see that the timing (pace) and sequencing of the reforms impact growth performance. The productivity and output growth path is hypothesized to take the form of a J, S or a hybrid S-J Curve which is explained by the pacing of the reforms (namely, major reforms or gradual reforms). Virmani Hashim (2011) notes that in India, the hypothe sis was proved true during the 1980s but not during the 1990s. Their analysis shows a clear J-curve pattern of total factor productivity growth for Indian manufacturing as predicted by the J- curve hypothesis which, in turn, was reflected in output growth. Nagaraj (2011) puts forth the recurrence of booms and deceleration (in itself) as the pattern of growth in output after finding out that after a (theoretically) expected dip in 1991-92 (on account of the crisis and adjustment), output boomed for four years, peaking in 1995-96 at 13% (following the predicted J curve) and that the boom petered out quite quickly, followed by a steep deceleration for seven years until 2002 03 while the next boom lasted for  ¬Ã‚ ve years, from 2003 04 to 2007 08. As Kochhar et al (2006) notes, India has not confirmed to the development theory of transition economies whereby the usual trend is a massive transfer of unskilled labour from agriculture to manufacturing (or industry). That is, the manufacturing employment post reforms has been stagnant and Indias services sector led growth has been laid to blame for this. Contribution of manufacturing to total employment is the lowest, that is, in India, services sector absorbs more labour than the manufacturing sector. The trend in employment generation of the registered manufacturing sector tells a different story from that of its output generation. Employment in the factory sector has been declining despite the acceleration in the growth rate of output since 2000 01 and in 2003 04 and the figure was 10% lesser than that in 1995 96 (Chaudhuri, 2009). This pans the issue of Jobless Growth that has been (nearly) comprehensively covered by literature bringing forth the issue of growing capital intensity, and cheaper relative price of capital resulting in substitution of labour for capital as the primary cause. This poses a theoretical impasse, since (market oriented) economic policy reforms are conventionally expected to result in an acceleration in the rate of growth of output and productivity thanks to the underlying short term gains in static efficiency (through re-allocation of factors to efficient uses) and dynamic efficiency gains. One view (Goldar, 2000, 2011) says that there is a substantial increase in organised manufacturing employment in the liberalised regime of 1990-91 to 1997- 98 and 2003 04, as compared to the 80s. Nagaraj (2004, 2011) has contradicted this noting that the employment growth when analysed in the same picture as that of capital growth asserts the jobless growth phenomenon. According to him, the whole period can be termed as a period of jobless output growth where output has grown with more capital-intensive technology. Stagnant per capita real wages are said to be another paradox whereby the natural transition of output growth into growth in real wages has not transpired yet in Indian manufacturing thereby raising concerns on lack of domestic demand. Trivedi et. al (2011) note a U trend emerging in the growth of real emoluments (from a revival in the figures from negative rates in the 90s) and the consistent decline in growth in real wages. They consider this to imply increasing compensation to the managerial and supporting staff while the workers face stagnant real per capita wages and raise concerns of inequality and productivity implications. Table 6. CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Aggregates Source: Own calculation Table 6 confirms the Jobless growth hypothesis which can be found to hold true for all three variables of labour, namely, Number of Workers, Number of Employees and Total Persons Engaged. What is to be noted is not only the definite declining (and negative) growth rates of the 90s, but also that Number of Workers and Number of Employees were on a declining growth path even in the 80s. And that growth in Number of Workers and Total Persons Engaged are seen to revive during the sub period 1999 08. Another major concern is the different patterns exhibited by the growth in wages and that in emoluments. While both are found to be on a declining growth path, the rate of decrease in the growth of emoluments is substantially lesser than the steep and concerning decline in that of wages. The U trend noted by Trivedi et al (2011) cannot be brought forth due to unavailability of data on the same. Some other features of the data under analysis, that are brought out by these summary figures are the decline in the growth of Real Gross Output, Net Value Added and Net Fixed Capital Formation show the same patterns of decline in the 1990 2000 sub period and this extends to the 1995 04 sub period. But the 1999 08 figures of NVA and NFCF show revival. Therefore this analysis seems to come out in support of the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Disaggregated Analysis is essential for assessing the structural dynamics of the sector. Guha (2008) noted that the inter temporal comparative analysis of the differences in the growth process at the disaggregated level explains the structural change that has occurred in the manufacturing sector (which in his analysis comes out to be substantial). An S curve pattern is expected to be followed by the growth and TFP in positive response to the reforms, taking the sector from a lower steady state to a higher steady state. At the disaggregated level, we expect a majority of sub-sectors to follow an S-curve pattern, but also some fundamentally non-competitive sectors to project a decline (due to comparative disadvantage). Trends in productivity growth at the (disaggregated) sub-sector level of manufacturing showed a much more varied pattern of growth than at aggregate level. Out of the twenty two sub-sectors analysed in their paper, three followed an S-curve pattern (14%), eight followed a J curve pattern (36%), and ten followed a hybrid S-J pattern (45%). This is to be expected in a situation in which different policy reforms are paced differently and affect different industries to different degrees and the analyses by Guha (2008), Hashim, Kumar Virmani (2009), Kaur Kiran (2008) and others have empirically substantiated the diff erences in interpretation brought about by disaggregate analysis and the differences in impact of the policy reforms on different industries. Also, using dummy variables to determine the effect of reforms on the TFPg across a disaggregated table, they find that according to the Growth Accounting Analysis, there has either been no acceleration or deceleration in all the subsectors (except Metals) and states (except WB and Haryana). But in their analysis using the Production Function Approach, they find that there has been a revival in the TFPg post 90s. But even those figures reiterate that the revival fell much short of the expectations of Liberalization. Table 7. CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Variables Across Major subsectors Source: Own calculation Table 7 gives the two digit level disaggregated analysis for the Indian manufacturing sector. Only 10 major industries that contributed above 2% as share in output and employment have been considered for the analysis. All industries show revival in the late 90s, with respect to growth in share in manufacturing employment. Dye and Fur industries, Chemical industries, Vehicle industries and Tobacco industries are the only sectors that do not exhibit negative growth rates, though without exception all show declining growth rates in the first two sub periods. In the case of growth in input intensity, all except the tobacco and textiles industry shows an increase in the last sub period (from a declining path, previously) which raises concerns over the sustainability of output growth in the sector. The rise in input intensity seen in the late 90s raises questions about the accuracy of the J curve inference that was reached upon earlier. The Food and Beverages sector shows the tendency of c onsistent decline in growth in RGO and NVA. Equally alarming is the dye and fur products industry which shows a steep decline in growth in share in RGO and NVA from a previously stable position. Vehicles industry is the only industry that manages to without a substantial decline with respect to growth in output. The organized sector contributes only 20% of the total manufacturing output but more than 60% of its output while the unorganized sector accounts for about 80% of the employment but only about 33% of the total output of the manufacturing sector. This duality in the Indian manufacturing sector and the resultant structural dynamics and its implications (in the form of imbalances) finds reference in almost all of the growth performance literature. The sectoral, regional and (especially) structural imbalances in the manufacturing sector is also reflected in the form of the high wage differential between the registered and unregistered sectors, the differential in the employment and output share (respectively) of the two sectors etc. That is, the relative income contribution of the unorganized sector vis a vis the organized sector has been on consistent decline and this affects the labour productivity differentials between the sectors (Trivedi et. al 2011). Data and Methodology This study focuses on the performance of the manufacturing sector using aggregate and disaggregated analysis of it. While keeping the aggregate picture, it examines the component industries to understand the effects of the structural dynamics of the sector on the sectoral aggregates. The period of study is 1981 82 to 2007 08 (though in some cases it is extended to include the periods 1971 72 to 1979 80 and 2008 09 to 2011 12, as a result of data availability). ASI is the main data source on aggregate and disaggregate level data. Data on IIP and GDP is from the RBI Database On Indian Economy. IIP is an index of industrial production and not just manufacturing production, though manufacturing sector is a dominant component of the IIP (contributing over 75% of the total weight) and therefore, additional variables like Value Added, Value of Gross Output and Sectoral GDP are used to complement the accuracy of the inference. Net Fixed Capital Formation series considered for analysis is at book value and not Real NFCF. The sub sectors considered for disaggregate analysis are the Food and Beverages industry, the tobacco industry, the textiles industry, dyeing and fur production industry, the coke refined petroleum and nuclear products industry, chemicals industry, the metal industry, Machinery and equipments industry, Electricals industry and Vehicles (Automobiles) industry. Trivedi et. al (2011) notes that the contribution of TFPg to output growth for the registered manufacturing sector ranges between 13 to 25% using alternative methodologies and therefore the analysis of the same is essential for any comprehensive performance assessment. But since the estimation and analysis of TFPg is vastly out of the scope and time frame of the current study, we confine ourselves to a literature based analysis on the topic. They note that the regional TFPg differences brings home the fact that states without much output growth but falling or negative rates of employment can also show high TFPg rates. Therefore, TFPg cannot be unconditionally used as an indicator of growth performance. TFP levels should be assessed alongside to get a clearer and more accurate picture. In using Dummy variables to determine the impact of the reforms on TFPg by demarcating the pre and post reform periods, they note that it is difficult to isolate the impact of reforms from that of the other factors (that impact TFPg) in the dummy variable analysis and also that the time lags in the impact cannot be taken into consideration, under the same. Conclusions We find that the Indian manufacturing sector is seen to have faced a structural break when considering the growth in Real Gross Output and Net Value Added instead of Sectoral GDP. But this break is in the late 90s which gives basis to the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Also the phenomenon of jobless growth is found to have been a feature of the manufacturing employment in the decades post reforms, though latest data (till 2007 08) helps in finding a sign of revival in the same. The disaggregative analysis bringss forth the disturbing trend in growth in input intensity in almost all the industries of the sector, thereby questioning the sustainability of the output growth achieved through liberalization. Tobacco, Dye and Fur, metals and Electricals industries are the only sectors that follow the J Curve pattern with respect to output growth. Indian manufacturing landscape needs to be geared up through expansion, diversification, technological and competitive scaling up and skill enhancement, TFP growth, Efficiency growth and expansion of global footprint, namely, mergers and acquisitions and/or capturing new export markets (in the qualitative side) (Bhandare, 2011). There is a need to improve (all three performance indicators, namely) productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of Indias manufacturing sector. And this needs to be achieved along with improvement in employment growth, keeping in view the demographic theory (the potential demographic dividend) and countrys projected aim of inclusive growth (as declared in the 12th five year plan). With regard to the expectations and fears regarding liberalization, Nagaraj (2011) notes that industrial growth rate has not accelerated, nor has the growth rate of labour-intensive consumer goods gone up; but there has been no de-industrialaization either, as the critics feared.

Entrapment :: Personal Narrative Elevators Essays

Entrapment Last year, sixty seven thousand people called the police due to elevator entrapment. About seventy six percent of those people who used those elevators were lethargic. The other twenty four percent had legitimate reasons for using the elevator. Elevators should only be used when you are physically disabled. American’s all over the world try to take the easy way out of any exercise. Elevators have become a major part of everyday life for many Americans. Entrapment occurs when there is too much weight or to many people. Getting trapped in an elevator causes panic to many human beings and bonds them through experience. Have you ever been stuck in an elevator? Does it bother you to be in a small space with sixteen other people? Recently, I was trapped in an elevator with sixteen other people. This elevator was about six feet wide and seven feet long. Imagine how a throng of people could fit into that amount of space. It is amazing to me that an experience so random could pave the way for endless support, and create a network of friends out of strangers. It was my first week of my freshman year in college. Normally, you want to survive the first week by going to school events and meeting new people. Being the first Saturday night of the school year my new friend and I decided to go to a party in another dorm on campus. Both of us didn’t know what to expect at a college party, so we dressed up and tried to look our best. As I put my black mascara on I knew that this would be a fun night. My friend Jessica knew one of the guys that would be at this gathering because he lived in the same town that she was from. Finally, we leave our dorms and head out to our first college party. We arrived at the party and started to play cards. As the night progressed, poker was getting a little boring and staying in that dorm room wasn’t too much fun either. Abruptly, one of the guys said we should go to a freshman dorm. Everyone grabbed their belongings and headed to central campus. As we walked to central campus many of the boys were w hispering about how they were going to cause a ruckus. No one was a resident of this hall, so we had to ask someone who was outside to let us in.

L’Oreal Case Study Essay -- Business Marketing

L’Oreal Introduction     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   L’Oreal is the largest cosmetics company in the world. It shouldn’t be a surprise that L’Oreal doesn’t sell all of its product lines in every market in which it sells, and the market in the Netherlands is no exception. Upper management of the Netherlands’ L’Oreal subsidiary have to make decisions on which product lines will succeed in their respective market and which ones will falter. In this particular case, L’Oreal needs to decide if it would like to introduce Garneir product lines such as the Synergie skin care line and the Belle Couleur permanent hair colorants line into the Netherlands market. The basic problem is whether or not to introduce these lines into the Dutch market. Situation Audit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Netherlands, unlike in France, L’Oreal and Garneir are both sold under the same sales force. This must be taken into consideration considering that L’Oreal has products in both hair colorants (Recital) and in skin care (Plenitude). Fortunately, the Dutch market maybe able to handle both of these product lines from L’Oreal and Garneir if it is felt that they could both be profitable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looking at the Dutch market, the most surprising thing is the youth of population. 40% of the population is under the age of 25. This is an important demographic stat because a lot of younger women are the ones who use cosmetics, but it is important to note that the fastest growing populations are those of age 25 and older which might be important to the market of hair colorants. Another interesting trend is the number of Dutch women who work outside the home with a labor force rate of 29% and it is increasing more rapidly than those of other countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. This is very interesting because these women will have more money, independence, and self-confidence. In these terms, these women will more than likely use more cosmetics because of the increase in time that they spend outside of the home. A final insight into the Dutch market shows that Dutch women tend to shop for value, especially in cosmetics, which needs to be taken into account. The overall Dutch market looks somewhat promising to the introduction of Synergie and Belle Couleur lines, but other factors must also be looked at.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the overall Dutch market is important in the analysis, the product markets might give a be... ...o use our product because they are out in public and they also have more money to spend on things such as cosmetics. The Dutch women in this market need the Synergie line to give off the idea of a self-concept that can relate our brand image to their needs as a workingwoman. An idea for the advertising campaign could be â€Å"You’re working the hardest, shouldn’t you look the best too!† While this product line is marketed towards the workingwoman, the L’Oreal product Plenitude could be marketed towards keeping a youthful look with its ability to delay the signs of aging. The best bet for the profitability of both products is to effectively find a certain image that each consumer can identify herself with. With this, I believe that both products can succeed in the same market and both can have the potential to have large market shares. Bibliography Datamonitor, Feb. 2004. Haircare In The Netherlands. Retrieved on April 23, 2005. http://dbic.datamonitor.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/industries/industry/?iid=Haircare Datamonitor, Feb. 2004. Makeup In The Netherlands. Retrieved on April 23, 2005. http://dbic.datamonitor.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/industries/industry/?iid=Skincare

Class Difference in the Renaissance and in Shakespeares As You Like It

Class Difference in the Renaissance and As You Like It      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Notions about class distinctions during the Renaissance became more ambiguous than at any other period of time. "Many countries moved from a feudal to a capitalist economy, leading to some of the worst peasants' revolts in the history of Europe."(Aston) During the last quarter of the 1500's the conditions for social status and position were going through radical changes, as "the boundaries between the upper elite and the gentry as well as those between these groups and the wealthier professional classes below them were particularly ambiguous." (Bailey)    There came about a term called sorts, which essentially split the population into two roughly defined classes.   There were the better sorts, which included the noblemen, gentlemen, and yeomen. The meaner sorts included the husbandmen, artisans, and laborers. The citizens or merchants could go into either category depending upon income, rank in society, local reputation, profession, and age. Citizens rose in the ranks due to an economic boom in "national trading, service industries, manufacturing businesses, and government posts." (Bailey) The laboring classes saw an increased number of skilled workers and the availability of printed literature provided educational advances. The traditional gauges of status such as "birth, wealth, occupation, political allegiance, and life style, as well as regional, religious, and professional affiliation," (Bailey) were beginning to fade.    To maintain some order, Queen Elizabeth declared a clothing proclamation in 1562. In summary, apparel was one of the primary means through which royalty and the upper class could proclaim their authority and power. One coul... ...the heir of property and money. Our own ways of judging people and situations is deeply rooted in the social changes that took place in the English Renaissance.    WORKS CITED Aston, Margaret. The Panorama of the Renaissance. New York: Abradale Press, 2000. Bailey, Amanda. "Monstrous Manner: Style and the Early Modern Theatre" Criticism , Vol. 43, Issue III 2001. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. Ronk, Martha Clare. "Locating the Visual in As You Like It," The Shakespeare Quarterly Vol. 52, Issue II, 2001. Shakespeare, William. " As You Like It." The Oxford Shakespeare The Complete Works.   Ed. Stanley Wells, Gary Taylor, and William Montgomery, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Wall, Wendy. "Why Does Puck Sweep?: Fairylore, MerryWives, & Social Struggle," The Shakespeare Quarterly Vol. 52. Issue I 2001.   

Importance of good leadership for a business Essay

Leadership is the process by which an individual influences, motivates and controls the behaviour of others towards a specific set of objectives. Leadership is the composite of abilities and characteristics of an individual leader of the environment in which he operates and of the relationship developed between the leader and the led. It is very important to have good leadership for a business to succeed as employees will only follow a good leader and respond positively towards their direction. A good leader will have ability to obtain the highest quality from subordinates that they have the capacity to render. True leadership is a positive force, based on cooperation and mutual trust. A poor leader will often fail to win over staff and have problems communicating with workers. Leadership style is the way a manager takes decisions and deals with the staff. An effective leadership style is one that best compliments the organizational environment, the task to be accomplished and the pe rsonal characteristics of the people involved. There are several types of leadership styles, which are autocratic, democratic, paternalistic and laissez-faire. Body: Explanation on Autocratic style, Democratic Style, Laissez-faire and paternalistic style. The autocratic Leaders is authoritarian and assume respect for all aspect of operation. Communication is one-way with little as no scope of feedback. With autocratic style, we can identify the dictators who demand total compliances from the work-force. He demotivate staff and create frustration and fears. The work group depend on the leader and will be unable to act independently. However, the autocratic style seems efficient and essential in some situation such as police force. There is clearly chain of command with no ambiguity and so autocratic leadership produces quick decision. The democratic leader seeks the opinion of subordinates before taking final decision. However, they retain ultimate responsibilities for decision making. It is especially appropriate where experience workers need to be fully involve in their work. Participation of subordinate’s results in improve decision making, higher moral and more motivated. But consultation is time consuming and may delay acti vities. There is always the danger of losing management control and attempt to evade responsibilities. Under  Laissez-faire style leadership, group members have total freedom. The leader set down all objectives and the subordinates have clear parameters within which they should work. Once objectives have been set, subordinates are left alone to achieve objectives. This style of leadership works fine when subordinates are willing and able to accept responsibility. Under such style of management, success depend on the competence and integrity of subordinates. But workers are motivated to work. A paternalistic management style is a form of management whereby managers pay more attention to the social aspects of their employees; they are concerned with keeping them happy and motivated, and act as a sort of father figure to the employees. In such a management style, decisions are made with the best interests of the workers at heart. Conclusion: Importance of leadership Leadership is therefore crucial in motivating and inspiring the workforce so that they perform the assign task willingly and in an efficient and effective manner. Thus leadership is concern of influencing others to achieve aims and objectives. Management and leadership skills are needed in every industry and every walk of life. It is essential therefore for new managers to be provided with opportunities to learn how to manage and lead people.

Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay

This survey has assessed the public presentation of the Tema Oil Refinery. The analytical attack adopted for the survey involves both the computation of energy strengths and capacity uses. The energy strengths showed that the refinery is non efficient in footings of its energy demand from 2000 to 2011 as it Average Annual Energy strength of 0.07KOE per 1000 KOE of rough oil refined is much higher as compared to others with 0.05KOE per 1000 KOE of rough oil refined and therefore hapless public presentation in footings of energy ingestion. The consequences besides indicated that, TOR ‘s capacity use rate fell between 14.26 % and 69.95 % which is low as compared to the general benchmark capacity use rate of 85 % and hence, executing under outlooks. The survey besides examined managerial attitudes that influence the refinery ‘s public presentation. The result revealed that unequal system care, deficiency of attachment to crude flexibleness demand and authorities policy of sub sidization has impacted negatively on the public presentation the refinery. WORD COUNT: 4,089 PRESENTED TO: Dr Xiaoyi MuCONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISMI, the undersigned, have read the Code of Practice sing plagiarism contained in the Students ‘ Introductory Handbook. I realise that this Code governs the manner in which the Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy respects and treats the issue of plagiarism. I have understood the Code and in peculiar I am cognizant of the effects, which may follow if I breach that codification. I besides authorise the Centre to scan the e-copy of my research paper through the Plagiarism Detection Software to observe plagiarismSIGNED: ____________________________Date:Table OF CONTENTaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF ABREVIATIONSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF TABLESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF FIGURESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. INTRODUCTIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. BACKGROUNDaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 2.1 Global Refineries and RefiningaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.3 Theoretical FrameworkaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 3.10 Capacity UtilisationaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 3.11 Energy IntensityaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. `3.2 Managerial Assessment ( MA ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3.20 Maintenance CultureaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 4.0 CONCLUSIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. BIBLIGRAPHYaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ List OF ABREVIATIONS TA Technological Assessment TOR Tema Oil Refinery IOC International Oil Company NOC National Oil Company BSPD Barrels Per Day RFCC Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker CDU Crude Distillation Unit KOE Kilotonnes of Oil Equivalence LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas CU Capacity Utilisation EI Energy Intensity CRP Paraguana Refinery Complex GHAIP Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ATK Aviation Turbine Kerosene OMC Oil Marketing Company List OF TABLES Table 1: Crude Oil Input and Petroleum Output ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Table 2: Petroleum Product Production and Import ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aˆÂ ¦.. Table 3: Tema Oil Refinery Energy Demand AnalysisaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Table 4: Tema Oil Refinery Summary CharacteristicsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..List OF FIGURESFigure 1: Tendency in Crude Oil Input And Petroleum Output ( 2009-2011 ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Figure 2: Tendency of Domestic Refinery Supply ( Output ) and Imported Quantity Of Petroleum Products ( 2000-2011 ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦1.0 IntroductionCrude oil in its natural province has no value until it is transformed into merchandises such as heating oil, Gasoline, Gasoil and other crude oil merchandises.[ 1 ]Therefore to refiner, the value of petroleum is nil other than the value of merchandises derived from it.[ 2 ]Globally, the capacity of refineries continues to increase as they expand. In the pre-war epoch, refinement was considered to be in its aureate age as they were profitable to run. However, the hereafter promises to convey new challenges and a competitory displacement that require new accomplishments and capacities to win. Refineries owned by International Oil Companies ( IOCs ) most at times operate expeditiously than National Oil Companies ( NOC ) as these IOCs are involve in multiple activities.[ 3 ]IOCs are able to understate the short-term cyclical effects of rough oil monetary values and uncertainnesss of the market due to the integrating of Refining and Exploration activities. However, NOCs and other independent refiners are vulnerable as they are exposed to the hazard of monetary value volatility.[ 4 ] On African refineries in general, De Gouvello et al reported that merely 7 of the part ‘s operating refineries can be classified as universe graduated table. That is, three in Nigeria, three in South Africa and one in Sudan and all other refinement capacities across the part are â€Å" kettle † .[ 5 ]The capacity of the Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) can non be exempted from this categorization. TOR incorporated in 1960 as a simple hydro planing works refinery, over the past old ages has been the lone refinery in Ghana with the authorization to polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises to run into the demands of the state.[ 6 ] It is required to transport out this authorization in an efficient safe and environmentally friendly mode. It has undergone enormous reconstituting giving it more duties as its capacity additions from 28,000 BSPD to 45,000 BSPD.[ 7 ]A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a capacity of 14,000 BSPD has besides been added to the installation to enable it change over low value residue from the Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. It relies on about 80 % of electrical power generated internally and the staying 20 % from the national grid.[ 8 ]When compared to other refineries in the universe and in Africa, TOR operations are secondary as it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic crude oil market.[ 9 ]It production degree has been on the diminution for the past 11 old ages given rise to importing of more crude oil merchandises to fulfill domestic demands. It has of late, been sing relentless closures due to d islocations of some equipment. All these affected the end product of the refinery and therefore considered to be executing ill. This survey assessed the public presentation of TOR for the past 11 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) . It is done to show a clear analysis and image of the public presentation of Ghana ‘s lone Refinery in the state. Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in its appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency. The survey did it appraisal utilizing both Technological Assessment Tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation and Managerial Assessment Approaches such as care civilization, conformity with the petroleum flexible demands of the refinery and authorities policy of subsidization of crude oil merchandises. This survey is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background, the province of TOR and the theoretical model are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the analysis and treatments of the consequences. Chapter four is the reasoning chapter.Background2.1 Global Refineries and PolishingThe refinement procedure is important to the crude oil value concatenation because petroleum oil has no value until it is transformed into concluding crude oil merchandises. Refining of petroleum oil started every bit early as 1861 in the United State of America.[ 10 ]The first refinery was opened 1861 to bring forth kerosine for illuming and warming.[ 11 ]Technological promotion led to the innovation of car and Electric illuming systems and shifted the procedure from kerosine to motor fuels chiefly Gasoline.[ 12 ]Polishing engineering continues to increase and as a consequence led to the debut of the Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracker in 1913 and mid-1930 severally.[ 13 ]Since so, the figure of runing refineries on planetary footing has non increase significantly. However, polishing capacity continues to spread out and germinate as major expansionary plants are carried out on the bing 1s. The largest refinery in word is the Paraguana Refinery Complex ( CRP ) located in Amuay and Cardon Venezuela with a refinement capacity of 940,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 14 ]But sometimes the Reliance Industries I and II located next each other in Jamnagar India are combined, doing it the largest individual refinement composite in the universe with a capacity of 1,240,000 barrel per twenty-four hours ( Reliance In. I, 660,000 and Reliance In. II, 580,000 ) . However, ExxonMobile Corporation is ranked as the universe ‘s prima refiner with a refinement capacity of 5,797,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 15 ] Most refineries on the African continent operate under smaller capacities. Merely a few are considered to be of universe criterion. Harmonizing to BP Statistical Review Energy Survey 2012, Africa had a 2011 refinery capacity of approximately 3.56 % of the universe sum. Skikda Refinery in Algeria is the largest in African with a capacity of 300,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Ras Lanuf works in Libya.[ 16 ]The Port-Harcourt Refineries I and II situated in Nigeria are the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a entire capacity of 210,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Shell/BP Sapref Refinery located in Durban with a capacity of 165,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 17 ]The Tema Oil Refinery is the lone Refinery in Ghana charged with the duty of polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises for national ingestion.2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR )The Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) was originally known as the Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ( G HAIP ) Limited incorporated in 1960 but started operation in 1963 as a merely hydro planing refinery works.[ 18 ]The authorities of Ghana, by common understanding with ENI-Nazionie Intercarboni bought equity retention, therefore given it ( authorities ) 100 % ownership of the company.[ 19 ]As a state-owned refinery, the name changed from GHAIP to Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) in 1990. TOR started with an initial refinement capacity of 28,000BSPD, but as a national plus, a Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) was installed in 1997 increasing it capacity to 45,000BSPD.[ 20 ]A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a processing capacity of 14,000BSPD was besides added in 2002 to enable the refinery convert low value residue from the CDU to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline.[ 21 ]TOR was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum. However, the invariably lifting of rough oil monetary values made direction to intermix different petroleums as a manner of optimizing its borders. Assorted light and sweet petroleums such as Brass, River, Forcados and Palanca are imported from neighboring states such as Nigeria, Equatorial, Guinea, Cameroon Gabon and Angola for refinement.[ 22 ]The end products of TOR include Diesel, Petrol, LPG, Aviation Turbine Kerosene ( ATK ) , Naphtha, Premix and Residual fuel.[ 23 ]The nucleus concern of TOR is to supply refined crude oil merchandises for the domestic market. But it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic market.[ 24 ]The refinery depended entirely on imported petroleum for it production until 2010 when it received some rough oil from domestic production. The inability of TOR to bring forth to petroleum merchandises for the full domestic demands of the state has created the demand for importing of refined merchandises into the domestic market and the lifting degrees of these imports have raised concerns among the Ghanese populace. Table 1 provides informations on the measures of rough oil input and crude oil end product of the refinery from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 depicts the Trend in rough oil input and crude oil end product for the same period. Year Crude input Petroleum End product 2000 1,131.8 1,028.4 2001 1,262.9 1,070.0 2002 1,179.4 1,155.5 2003 1,406.2 1,351.7 2004 1,813.5 1,604.1 2005 1,645.5 1,540.8 2006 962.2 891.2 2007 1,242.5 1,195.0 2008 1,396.7 1,221.5 2009 441.4 327.1 2010 902.5 946.4 2011 1,242.9 957.7 Table 1: Crude OIL INPUT AND OUTPUT ( Kilotonnes ) FOR TOR ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning: National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011[ 25 ] FIG. 1 TREND IN CRUDE OIL INPUT AND PETROLEUM OUTPUT ( 2009-2011 ) Beginning: Concept of the Writer From Table 1, it can be seen that, the twelvemonth by twelvemonth petroleum input exceeded the crude oil end product produced. This is due to losingss incurred during refinement. It is besides observed that 2006, 2009 and 2010 recorded a much lower decreases in both petroleum inputs and crude oil end products with 2009 entering the worse of it. These are grounds of hapless public presentation of the refinery. Due to this hapless public presentation in 2006, the authorities of Ghana approached two South Korean Companies, SK Corporation and Samsung Corporation to sell a interest as portion of programs to bring forth US $ 6 billion for infrastructural development within the refinery.[ 26 ]However, the trade did non happen due to proficient challenges the refinery was sing at that clip. Again, Table 2 shows the measure of domestic refinery supply and the measure of imported crude oil merchandises into the state from 2000 to 2011. Figure 2 illustrates the Trend of these measures for the same period. Table 2: Petroleum PRODUCT PRODUCTION AND IMPORT ( Kilotonnes ) Year TOTAL REQUIREMENT DOMESTIC REFINRY SUPPLY IMPORTED QUANTITY Percentage OF IMPORTED ( % ) 2000 1,844.7 1,028.4 816.3 44.25 2001 1,870.9 1,070.0 800.9 42.81 2002 1,905.2 1,155.5 749.7 39.35 2003 1,920.8 1,351.7 569.1 29.63 2004 2,183.6 1,604.1 579.5 26.54 2005 2,119.1 1,540.8 578.3 27.28 2006 2,199.2 891.2 1,308.2 59.48 2007 2,390.7 1,195.0 1,195.7 50.01 2008 2259.2 1,221.5 1,037.7 45.93 2009 2,088.3 327.1 1,761.2 84.34 2010 2,536.2 946.4 1,589.8 62.68 2011 3,066.4 957.7 2,108.7 68.77 Beginning: National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 FIG. 2 TREND OF DOMESTIC REFINERY SUPPLY ( OUTPUT ) AND IMPORTED QUANTITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning: Concept of the Writer From both Table 2 and Figure 2, it is observed that, as domestic refinery supply additions, imports tend to diminish from 2000 up to 2004. However, this relationship reverted. From 2005 to 2011, the portion of crude oil imports has been on the addition traveling from 578.3 kilotonnes in to 2005 to every bit high as 2,108.7 kilotonnes in 2011 while that of domestic refinery supply continues to diminish from 1,540.8 kilotonnes in 2005 to every bit low as 957.7 kilotonnes in 2011.All these deficits are attributable to both Technical inefficiencies and managerial inefficiencies which are discussed into inside informations in the following subdivision of this survey.2.3 Theoretical ModelThe attending of most intellectuals since 1970 has ever been on the Energy Utilisation and effectual direction of refineries in the developed universe states. Romulo et ‘ Al purported that complex refineries can better their energy ingestion through assorted ways such as increased heat interchange be tween procedure watercourse, thermic exchange within and between process units and hotter charge provender between units, usage of more efficient furnace procedures and other smart ways of using modern engineering.[ 27 ] Romulo et ‘ Al evaluated the energy efficiency of Brazilian petroleum oil refinement and compared it with the refinement of petroleum oil in US from 1930 to 2008. They concluded that, a Brazilian refinery with a capacity of 157,000 barrel per twenty-four hours which undergone modernization in 2008 cost US $ 1.3 billion and as such realised an addition of 17 % in its capacity. The consequence besides indicated that, the refinery energy ingestion fell from 0.75MBtu to 0.52MBtu per barrel processed and hence addition in complexness reduces the energy consumed in the concluding production procedure.[ 28 ]Others contended that there is no individual manner of measuring the public presentation of refineries across board despite the fact that, refinement procedures are energy intensive and exergy analysis appeared to be the most regular tool for assessment. For illustration, Badmus et ‘ Al reviewed the public presentation assessment on the refineries in Nigeria utilizing energy strengths for the analysis and conclude that, the energy ingestion forms of the four refineries are below international benchmark in the oil and gas industry.[ 29 ] Jesuleye et ‘ Al besides contributed to what this survey referred to as â€Å" Technological Appraisal † .[ 30 ]They besides evaluated the energy demand of Port Harcourt refinery in Nigeria and its policy deductions through the computation of energy strengths as a manner of finding the one-year energy demand of the refinery. The consequence showed that â€Å" the existent energy demand per twelvemonth for treating rough oil into crude oil merchandises exceeded, in changing grades the stipulated refinery criterion of 4 barrels of oil equivalent ( BOE ) per 100 BOE as the grounds revealed a scope between 4.28 BOE and 8.58 BOE per 100 BOE processed. They nevertheless, included a managerial attitude as Turn-Around Maintenance agenda in their analysis which this survey considered to be of import in measuring the public presentation of refineries. Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in the appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency and therefore classified the attack as â€Å" Technological Assessment † of public presentation. Research workers with their different rational positions evaluated the public presentation of refineries across the universe with the usage of different analytical tools as they exist. One of the most widely recognized and realistic tool used is the Solomon Energy Intensity Indicator ( SEII ) .[ 31 ]It provides a more realistic contemplation of energy strength of the refinery as it creates room for works by program analysis, considered the different types of terminal merchandises, recognises the fact that production procedures are specific and takes into history the operations of the works. Harmonizing to Nyboer and Rivers 2002 cited by Jesuleye et ‘ Al, this method has been embraced and applied late by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy preservation in Canada in an effort to develop Energy ingestion benchmark usher for conventional crude oil refinement in Canada. For the intent of this survey, the application of SEII could non happen due to the absence of single informations on energy ingestion and the specific activity degrees of the refinery. However, the Energy strengths were calculated based on the concluding energy ingestion of TOR and its overall end product. As indicated by O. A. Jesuleye et ‘ Al, the theoretical account has it root from the European Economic Commission Funded undertaking titled Energy Master Plan for Rural Development in Nigeria.[ 32 ]The Capacity Utilisation of the refinery was besides determined utilizing it end product to guarantee a full assessment of the proficient efficiency of the refinery. The survey besides investigated into the managerial facets of the refinery.3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSBoth Technological Assessment ( TA ) and Managerial Assessment ( MA ) are carried out on TOR to determine realistic grounds why the refinery is executing so ill. TA focused on the Energy Demand through the finding of Annual Energy Intensities utilizing Final Energy Consumption method and the Annual Capacity Utilisations utilizing the Capacity Utilisation attack. 3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA ) Energy Intensity ( EI ) = Final Energy Demand aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ ( 1 ) Crude processed Capacity Utilisation ( CU ) = Output produced X 100aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 2 ) Actual production degree The assorted Annual Energy Intensities and Annual Capacity Utilisations from 2000 to 2011 are presented in Table 4 below. Table 3: TEMA OIL REFINERY ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSIS Year *Final Energy Demand ( KOE/Yr ) *Crude Input ( KOE ) *Petroleum End product **Annual Energy Intensities KOE/1000 *Required standard Intensity KOE/1000 **Annual Capacity Utilisation % *Benchmark capacity Utilisation % 2000 61.5 1,131.8 1,028.4 0.054 Sodium 44.48 85 2001 64.1 1,262.9 1,070.0 0.050 Sodium 46.66 85 2002 Sodium 1,179.4 1,155.5 Sodium Sodium 50.39 85 2003 Sodium 1,406.2 1,351.7 Sodium Sodium 58.94 85 2004 Sodium 1,813.5 1,604.1 Sodium Sodium 69.95 85 2005 Sodium 1,645.5 1,540.8 Sodium Sodium 67.19 85 2006 60.2 962.2 891.2 0.063 Sodium 38.86 85 2007 78.4 1,242.5 1,195.0 0.063 Sodium 52.11 85 2008 87.8 1,396.7 1,221.5 0.063 Sodium 53.27 85 2009 44.5 441.4 327.1 0.101 Sodium 14.26 85 2010 82.6 902.5 946.4 0.092 Sodium 41.27 85 2011 90.3 1,242.9 957.7 0.073 Sodium 41.76 85 Beginning: * Datas from National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 **Calculated values utilizing EI and CU expressions NA ; Not Available Table 4: TEMA OIL REFINERY SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS Unit of measurement Status Capacity BPSD 45,000 Average ANNUAL CAPACITY UTILISATION** % ( KOE ) 48.29 Average ANNUAL ENERGY INTENSITY** 1000Kt/yr 0.07 Entire LOSSES ESTIMATE* % ( KOE ) 3-6 * Entire Losses Estimate of 3-6 % is obtained from National Energy Commission, 2011, ** Calculated from Table 4.3.1.0 Capacity UtilisationFrom Table 4, the Annual Capacity Utilisation of the refinery ranged between 14.26 % in 2009 and 69.95 % in 2004. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery has an Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % . This is much lower as compared to the general benchmark Capacity Utilisation of 85 % in the refinement industry. It shows that the refinery is runing under criterion and hence indicates a hapless public presentation. Losses besides accounted for about 3-6 % of petroleum inputs as indicated in Table 5. These losingss are due to the low capacity and inefficiency of the premium reformist of the refinery.3.1.1 Energy IntensityFrom Table 4, the Annual Energy Intensities of the refinery ranged between 0.050 KOE in 2001 and 0.101 in 2009 per 1000 of petroleum processed. This shows that the refinery was more energy efficiency in its ingestion in 2001 than in 2009. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery besides has an Average Annual Ener gy Intensity of 0.07 KOE per 1000. When compared to the Annual Energy Intensity of other refineries even with much higher capacities such as Port Harcourt Refinery with a stipulated Intensity of 0.04 KOE per 1000, TOR is inefficient in footings of Energy Consumption. This shows the refinery consumes more energy, even though its end product degrees are falling and therefore indicates hapless public presentation on it portion. From the above Technological Assessment, it clear that the Tema Oil Refinery is executing ill as it produces below capacity, consumes more energy than others and incurred greater per centum of losingss.`3.2 Managerial Appraisal3.2.0 Maintenance CultureThere are a figure of direction related issues which impacted negatively on the public presentation of TOR. These included the followers ; The failure of direction to constantly transport out care on the installation causes frequent closing of the refinery. Harmonizing to Odiguri et ‘ Al cited by Badmus et ‘ Al 2012, the Turn Around Maintenance inspection and repair of refineries in general, is recommended to be undertaken every 18 or 24 month.[ 33 ]This is non done at TOR. Care is merely carried out when a mistake is detected.[ 34 ]Even at the point of transporting out care, direction still employ antique industrial practises. This attitude of direction affected the proficient efficiency of the refinery and hence, lowers the end product than expected. A break in H2O supply is yet another ground that consequences in the hapless public presentation of the refinery. TOR dependance entirely on Ghana Water Company Limited for supply of H2O.[ 35 ]This beginning nevertheless, is non dependable as the company normally encounter frequent dislocations due its elderly grapevines.[ 36 ]Any break in H2O supply to the refinery causes intermittent closure of the refinery and as such, reduces the end product of the refinery at those times. Lack of conformity to crude flexibleness regulations at TOR besides influences its public presentation. The refinery was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum. However, direction tend to intermix light rancid petroleum with light and sweet petroleum as manner of maximizing their net income borders due to the lifting monetary values of light petroleum.[ 37 ]This normally affects the operations and efficiency of the refinery, therefore cut downing its concluding end product.3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyAs a state-owned refinery, the activities of Government can non be excluded from the grounds why TOR performs so ill. Government as the exclusive proprietor of the refinery uses the National Petroleum Authority as a regulative organic structure to find the monetary values of crude oil merchandises in the state.[ 38 ]This organic structure besides has the duty of implementing authorities policy instruments such as revenue enhancements and subsidies at the crude oil subsector degree. To maintain ex-pump monetary values of fuel depression, the authorities to a great extent subsidize ex-refinery monetary values.[ 39 ]In 2003 authorities subsidy on fuel was 29.5 % but increase it to about 39.7 % of the monetary value in 2005.[ 40 ]In entire, the authorities spent about US $ 276 million on fuel subsidy entirely by the terminal of 2011. However, these monies are barely recovered by the refinery. Non-payment of measures by Oil Marketing Companies ( OMCs ) besides increases the predicament of TOR. This increases the liability of the refinery and hence reduces its ability to procure rough oil for its operation. Despite the fact that proficient efficiency and Capacity Utilisation are important in finding the public presentation of a refinery, managerial patterns and Government activity are every bit of import in measuring the public presentation of TOR as they give accounts to the causes of these inefficiencies and therefore, supply empirical groundss to the ground why TOR is executing so ill.4.0 DecisionBased on the Analysis and happening on TOR, it is clear that the usage of Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation as indicated by other research workers are of import considerations in measuring the public presentation of refineries. But managerial patterns such as care civilization, conformity with care ordinances, conformity with rough flexibleness demand and Government policies proved to be influential in refinery public presentation and as such must be considered by future surveies. The survey showed that Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisation find the Technical Efficiency of the refinery. From the survey, the energy ingestion of TOR is non efficient as compared to others. Besides, TOR losingss are due to proficient inefficiencies and managerial inaccuracies. It Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07KOE/1000 is hapless as others have Average Annual Energy of 0.05KOE/1000. Besides, the Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % is far below the criterion bench grade of 85 % . There is besides unequal system care at TOR which has impacted negatively on its public presentation. From the survey it is apparent that, non-payment of subsidy measures by authorities affected it ability to procure rough oil for its operations and therefore cut downing its end product. These hence suggest that, the Tema Oil Refinery is so executing ill due to Technical and Managerial challenges at the installation.